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Thursday April 15 Morning - Abstracts Session: Ecology and Management of Freshwater Fishes (Part I) [4101] Assessment of reproductive success in western mosquitofish exposed to seleniferous agricultural drainwater from the Grassland Bypass Project, San Joaquin Valley, California Authors: M.K. Saiki, Presenter, USGS, WFRC-Dixon Duty Station, 6924 Tremont Road, Dixon, CA 95620, 707-678-0682 X617 (W), 707-678-5039 (F), michael_saiki@usgs.gov; B.A. Martin, USGS, Western Fisheries Research Center-Dixon Duty Station, 6924 Tremont Road, Dixon, CA 95620, 707-678-0682 X612 (W), 707-678-5039 (F), barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov; T.W. May, USGS, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, 573-875-5399 X1858 (W), 573-876-1896 (F), thomas_may@usgs.gov. Abstract: The Grassland Bypass Project diverts selenium-contaminated agricultural drainwater from the west side of the San Joaquin Valley into the San Luis Drain (SLD) for disposal in North Mud Slough (NMS) and the San Joaquin River. Previous studies indicated that whole fish from the SLD and NMS contained as much as 23 mg Se/g (dry weight basis). By comparison, published guidelines for selenium toxicity suggest that body burdens as low as 4 mg Se/g may cause excessive mortality of juveniles and reproductive failure. This study attempted to determine if western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations inhabiting selenium-contaminated reaches of the SLD and NMS suffered from impaired reproduction. During June-July 2001, laboratory trials with pregnant females collected from two seleniferous sites and two non-seleniferous sites yielded fry that averaged >96% survival at birth. None of the newborn fry exhibited evidence of teratogenesis, a typical symptom of selenium toxicity. Chemical analysis of postpartum females and their newborn fry revealed that mosquitofish from seleniferous sites contained high concentrations of selenium (mean, 9.31-18.1 mg Se/g) whereas those from non-seleniferous sites contained much lower concentrations (mean, 0.907-2.72 mg Se/g). These findings indicate that mosquitofish are not experiencing adverse reproductive effects at current levels of selenium exposure. [4102] The Effect of Storage Procedures on
the b-adrenergic Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Red Blood
Cells. Abstract: Many teleost fish, including rainbow trout, possess the ability to regulate red cell pH (pHi) in the presence of a stress induced plasma acidosis, minimizing impairment to oxygen transport. This response is accomplished by nor-adrenaline which activates red cell Na+/H+ exchange (ß-NHE). The presence and characterization of red cell ß-NHE in fish is best tested in blood from cannulated, resting animals, however, many studies have used blood drawn from the caudal vein in stressed animals and stored prior to experimentation. The effect of this procedure on the ß-NHE response is not known, which is the objective of this study. Whole blood drawn from cannulated resting animals, was compared with red cells obtained from the caudal vein, rinsed in Cortland saline, and stored at 4 °C for 0, 6, 24, 48, 96 and 144h. Isoproterenol (10-5 M), a ß-adrenergic agonist, was added to the red cells exposed to hypoxic/hypercapnic air in Eschweiler tonometers, and samples were taken at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. for measurement of hematocrit, hemoglobin, pHi, pHe, organic phosphates and plasma and red cell Na+ and Cl- to characterize the ß-NHE response. In all treatments, isoprenaline induced a large ß-NHE response with no affect of storage duration until 144h, indicating that rinsing a storing is a simple and viable means through which to obtain red cells and investigate red cell function. [4103] Seasonal fluctuations Na+, K+ -ATPase in central California steelhead and coho salmon prior to ocean entry: whose ready and whose not? Authors: S.A. Hayes- Presenter, NOAA Fisheries, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz CA 95060, 831-420-3937 (W) 831-420-3977 (F), sean.hayes@noaa.gov ; C. V. Hanson, 831-420 3955, chad.hanson@noaa.gov ; M.H. Bond, 831-420-3955, morgan.bond@noaa.gov ; R.B. MacFarlane 831-420-3939, bruce.macfarlane@noaa.gov. (Mailing address and Fax same for all authors) Abstract: Gill Na+, K+ -ATPase activity was measured during 2002, as an indicator of ocean readiness for steelhead and coho salmon in Scott Creek, CA, a central coast stream. ATPase activity was analyzed based on season, age class and life history strategy. Coho exhibited a fixed life history strategy, going to sea after one year while steelhead exhibited a variety of strategies. Natural age 1+ downstream-migratory coho showed elevated ATPase activities in May while activities for both hatchery and natural young-of-the-year (YOY) coho were low during summer and fall. ATPase activity in age 1+ downstream-migratory steelhead was elevated from April-June. ATPase activities of steelhead in the estuary after sandbar formation declined through the summer and fall. Hatchery YOY steelhead activities where low during summer and fall. Non-migrating natural YOY to 4+ steelhead (or rainbow trout) sampled in the upper watershed from June-October exhibited the lowest activities recorded in the study. These data suggest that 1) hatchery and natural fish have similar fluctuations in salinity tolerance in this watershed, 2) downstream-migrants trapped in fresh water estuaries during summer months have reduced ocean readiness and 3) steelhead that are delaying or skipping (for rainbow trout) their ocean migration have very low salinity tolerance. [4104] Swimming Endurance and Blood Chemistry Profiles of Fed and Fasted Juvenile Chinook Salmon Exposed to Single and Repeated Confinement Stressors Authors: Darin T. Jones – Presenter, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1141, (208) 885-4276 (W) (208) 885-9080 (F) jone1032@uidaho.edu; Tyler Wagner, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1141, (208) 885-7223 (W) (208) 885-9080 (F), twagner@uidaho.edu; James L. Congleton, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1141, (208) 885-7521 (W) (208) 885-9080 (F), jconglet@uidaho.edu . Abstract: Juvenile spring chinook salmon were fasted or fed a maintenance diet for 60 d and subjected to a single 3-hr low-water stressor. Blood samples for clinical chemistry assays were taken at 0, 3, 9, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h after the stressor. After 9 d recovery (d 76) fish were exposed to a repeated low-water stressor once daily for five consecutive days, and then performance tested by swimming to fatigue at a velocity of 7-8 body lengths/s once daily for four consecutive days. Food deprivation for 60 d resulted in significant decreases in plasma calcium, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, total phosphate, alkaline phospatase, and creatine kinase. A transient increase in calcium and glucose concentrations was observed at the end of the 3-h exposure to low-water stressor in both fed and unfed fish, but concentrations did not differ during recovery. Plasma magnesium, alanine aminotransferase, and asparatate aminotransferase were unaffected by either food deprivation or stress exposure. Unfed fish fatigued more rapidly than fed fish. Fish fed throughout the experiment, whether stressed or unstressed, and unfed, unstressed fish, exhibited a learning response in the repeated swimming tests, with an increase in endurance on each successive day. In contrast, the performance of unfed, stressed fish did not improve with repeated testing. [4105] Relative effects of carcass addition and light enhancement on salmonid biomass and growth Authors: M. A. Wilzbach, Presenter, USGS California Cooperative Fish Research Unit, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, 707-826-5645(W), 707-826-3268(F), paw7002@humboldt.edu; B. C. Harvey, USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr., Arcata, CA 95521, 707-825-2926(W), 707-825-2901(F), bch3@humboldt.edu; J. L. White, USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr., Arcata, CA 95521, 707-825-2934(W), 707-825-2901(F), jwhite01@fs.fed.us.; and R. J. Nakamoto, USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr., Arcata, CA 95521, 707-825-2932(W), 707-825-2901(F), rnakamoto@fs.fed.us. Abstract: Nutrients alone may be insufficient to increase salmonid growth in nutrient-poor streams if light limits the algal production that lies at the base of the major food pathway for salmonids. We are using a split-plot experimental design to evaluate the relative effects of increased light and nutrient enhancement from introduced salmon carcasses on salmonid growth. In each of six streams in the Smith and Klamath River basins in northern California, a 20-m wide band of alder was cut along both banks of a 100-m reach to increase incident radiation. A second 100 m reach, with an intact canopy, was established in each stream to serve as a light control. In three streams, salmon carcasses were added to both cut and uncut riparian sections. Five and eight months after manipulation, both canopy removal and carcass addition had significant additive effects on total salmonid biomass. During the winter-spring period following manipulations, instantaneous growth of PIT-tagged resident cutthroat and rainbow trout in the no cut/no carcass treatment was substantially less than that of the other three treatments. Trout growth over the summer was greater in cut than in uncut sections, while carcass addition appeared to depress growth. [4106] Brown bears selectively kill energy-rich salmon but only in habitats facilitating choice Authors: S.M. Gende, Presenter, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2770 Sherwood Lane, Suite 2A, Juneau, AK, 99801, 907-586-8811 (phone), 907-586-7848 (fax) smgende@fs.fed.us; T. P. Quinn, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, 206-543-9042, tquinn@u.washington.edu. Abstract: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) metabolize energy stores to fuel migration and spawning activities. They senesce and die having lost up to 90% of their lipid and 40% of their protein since stream entrance. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) congregate at these streams to feed on salmon and are thus presented with an opportunity to simultaneously choose among fish that vary dramatically in energy content. We predicted that bears would selectively kill young energy-rich salmon (thereby maximizing their energy intake per captured fish), and tested this by examining predation rates on spawning pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Our results varied among streams. At a very shallow, narrow stream with high salmon densities, bears preferentially killed salmon that had spent the fewest days in the stream, consistent with our prediction. In contrast, predation rates increased with in-stream age at two streams where deeper water and woody debris provided refuge from predation. At smaller streams encounter and capture probabilities are constant, resulting in predation rates reflecting attack probabilities (choice by bears). At larger streams, capture success increases as salmon age, resulting in predation rates that vary among salmon types. Bear predation is most likely to affect the evolution and population dynamics of salmon at smaller streams as they are able to selectively kill salmon prior to reproduction. [4107] Fish screens: an Intralox solution Author: Omair Zubair, omair@intralox.com; Intralox Inc., www.intralox.com; 201 Laitram Lane; Harahan, LA - 70123. (504) 733-6739 ext. 2516; (504) 734-5379 (Fax) Abstract: Intralox invented modular plastic conveyors over 30 years ago. The company has been in a wide variety of industries from food to industrial manufacturing. Modular Plastic conveyor belts have displaced traditional conveyor systems because they offer advantages such as positive-tracking, low tension, low power consumption and easy repair to a new condition if damaged. Intralox designed the S1800 Mesh Top belt specifically for use as a fish screen. This product was developed primarily for use with linear traveling fish screens; it could also be used for other types of screens, such as rotary drum and stationary plate screens. The geometry of this belt was designed in accordance with specifications set forth by the National Marine Fisheries Service. A variety of different types of fish screens have been used for fish protection with varying degrees of success. The following types of screens have been traditionally used: Rotary Drum Screens, Fixed Vertical Plate Screens, Non Vertical Fixed Plate Screens, Horizontal Fixed Plate Screens, Vertical Traveling Screens, and Pump Intake Screens. Many types of non-barrier type of technology have been tested over the years, without levels of success that allows their continued use. These include sound barrier, light deterrence systems, louvers and electric barriers. Intralox’s Modular Plastic Belt Screens provides an economic, reliable and virtually no maintenance solution to fish screening [4108] Using Underwater Photography to Promote Conservation: Example Lower Putah Creek, Yolo County California Authors: J. M. Cervantes, Underwater Photographer, 955 Cranbrook Ct. Apt. 179, Davis, CA, 95616, 530-756-5497 (H), albulidae@earthlink.net. Abstract: From above, Lower Putah Creek does not look too appealing to the average person. Underwater it is a different story. Beneath the surface the creek thrives with fishes that can be seen throughout most of the year. By taking underwater photographs the public can be shown a part of a world that has been seen by few. These images provide documentation that can easily be appreciated by the public. This work documents that Lower Putah Creek supports healthy numbers of native fishes and is worthy of further protection. Session: Interactions of Hatchery and Wild Fishes in Marine and Estuarine Environments [4201] The role of ocean carrying capacity in the determination of the percentages of hatchery and wild salmon Authors: R.J. Beamish and R.M. Sweeting; Pacific Biological Station; Nanaimo, BC CANADA Abstract: The abundance of adult Pacific salmon is a function of the number of juveniles entering the ocean, the productivity of the rearing area in the first few months of ocean residence, and the relative importance of predation. In less productive regimes, such as existed for coho and chinook salmon in most areas off the west coast of North America in the 1990s, the percentage of wild fish returning as adults is proposed to equal the percentage that entered the ocean. In such circumstances, any influences that reduce the production of wild fish will result in an increase in the percentage of hatchery fish. [4202] Evidence for Competitive Dominance of Pink Salmon Over Other Salmonids in the North Pacific Ocean Authors: G. T. Ruggerone, Presenter, Natural Resources Consultants, Inc., Seattle, WA, 98119, 206-285-3480 (W), 206-283-8263 (F), GRuggerone@nrccorp.com; J. Nielsen, U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Biological Science Office, 1011 E. Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK, 99503, 907-786-3670 (W), 907-786-3636 (F), jennifer_nielsen@usgs.gov. Abstract: Pink salmon are the most abundant Pacific salmon, averaging adult runs of approximately 394 million fish per year during the past decade. These runs are largely native, but hatcheries in Asia and North America have increased production and now release up to approximately 1.6 billion juvenile pink salmon per year. Density-dependent growth has raised concern about the ocean’s capacity to support salmon, especially in light of hatchery production, but few studies have shown effects of competition at sea on salmon survival. Pink salmon have an invariable two-year life cycle that contributes to significant odd- or even-year runs in some regions. The alternating year cycle provides a natural experimental control for tests of interspecific competition in the North Pacific Ocean. Using alternating year cycles of abundance, we provide evidence that pink salmon can affect growth, age at maturation, distribution at sea, and/or survival of sockeye, chum, coho, and chinook salmon. Two recent studies of competition between pink salmon and Alaskan sockeye salmon and Puget Sound chinook salmon are highlighted to show effects of competition on survival. Characteristics of pink salmon leading to competitive dominance are discussed, along with the implications of interspecific competition for hatchery management. [4203] Hatchery and Wild Stock Interactions of Juvenile Chum Salmon in Marine Waters of Southeastern Alaska: A Boienergetics Approach Authors: J. A. Orsi, Presenter, NOAA, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, 99801, 907-789-6034(W), 907-789-6094(F), joe.orsi@noaa.gov ; A. C. Wertheimer, Presenter (alternate), NOAA, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, 99801, 907-789-6040(W), 907-789-6094(F) alex.wertheimer@noaa.gov ; M. V. Sturdevant, NOAA, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, 99801, 907-789-6041(W), 907-789-6094(F), molly.sturdevant@noaa.gov ; E. A. Fergusson, NOAA, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, 99801, 907-789-6613(W), 907-789-6094(F), emily.fergusson@noaa.gov ; D. G. Mortensen, NOAA, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, 99801, 907-789-6088(W), 907-789-6094(F), don.mortensen@noaa.gov. Abstract: Hatchery and wild stock interactions of seaward migrating juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were studied in littoral and neritic marine habitats in southeastern Alaska. A bioenergetics approach, using the Wisconsin Bioenergetics Model 3.0, was employed to estimate prey consumption by different salmon stock groups during their first five months at sea. A series of model runs were accomplished using biophysical data collected in Icy Strait, a regional salmon migration corridor, in May, June, July, August, and September of 2001. These data included: temperature (surface and 20-m integrated), zooplankton density (20-m integrated, and entire water column), salmon diet (% weight of prey type consumed), energy densities, weight, and growth of juvenile chum salmon. Literature values were used for energy densities of salmon prey items. Known numbers of hatchery releases were used in a cohort reconstruction model to estimate total abundance of hatchery and wild chum salmon in the northern region of southeastern Alaska under different survival scenarios (low and high). Total consumption was relatively insensitive to variation in temperature at different depths potentially utilized by juvenile chum salmon. Both the magnitude and temporal pattern of prey consumed was dramatically different between the low and high survival scenarios. Daily consumption rates from the bioenergetics model and CPUE abundance from sampling in Icy Strait were used to estimate amount and percentage of zooplankton consumed by hatchery and wild chum salmon in the sampling area. Of the available standing crop of zooplankton, only a low percentage was found to be consumed by juvenile chum salmon, even during peak abundances of both stock groups in July. This indicates current levels of hatchery production in southeastern Alaska do not represent a significant impact on the prey resource available to wild chum salmon stocks in neritic marine habitats in the Icy Strait migration corridor. As with any modeling exercise, model outputs are only useful if input parameters and several underlying assumptions are valid; therefore, additional studies are warranted, especially to refine physiological input parameters specific to juvenile chum salmon. [4204] Does increased abundance of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) related to salmon farming influence the survival of wild salmon?- A review of some of the experiences in Norway. Authors: N.A. Hvidsten, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway. +47 73801400, + 47 73801401(F), nils.a.hvidsten@nina.no. B. Finstad, NINA, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway. +47 73801400, + 47 73801401(F), bengt.finstad@nina.no. Abstract: In the River Surna (Middle Norway), returns of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) released as smolts decreased by 74% in the period from1973 through 1995. One potential cause for this decline is increased early marine mortality due to salmon lice infections. In 1992, some initial observations were made of several wild migrating smolts circling in the surface at outlet of the nearby Trondheimsfjord. One fish was collected by a local fisherman and was infected by 285 lice larvae. Laboratory tests have shown high mortality when smolts are infested by more than 11 lice per fish (Finstad et al. 2000). In three experimental releases from 1996 through 1998 groups of salmon smolts given protective drugs against lice infection and control groups were released near the observation site during the period of the wild smolt run. Higher recaptures among protected smolts than controls were found in all 3 years and the difference was significant in 1998. Furthermore, trawling for wild out-migrating smolts was performed in the same area from 1992 through 2002. High prevalence and intensity of lice infections on migrating wild smolts from different rivers in the Trondheimsfjord was found in 1992 and 1998 (Finstad et al. 2000). These observations and studies indicate that wild salmon smolts can be influenced by infections of sea lice following the expansion of the farming industry. [4205] Analysis of Genetic Hybridization Risk Posed by Fish Stocking to a Historic Walleye Spawning Group Authors: Carol A. Stepien, Ph.D.*, Director, Great Lakes Environmental Genetics Laboratory, Cleveland State University, Center for Environmental Science, Technology and Policy, Cleveland State University, MC 219, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115 216-523-7311, Fax 216-687-5393, c.stepien@csuohio.edu; Clifford D. Taylor, Research Assistant, GLEGL, c.d.taylor16@csuohio.edu; Donald W. Einhouse, Senior Aquatic Biologist, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, 11344 Dennison Rd., Silver Creek, NY 14136 615-366-0228, Fax 716-366-3743, dweinhou@gw.dec.state.ny.us. Abstract: Prior studies by the Great Lakes Environmental Genetics Laboratory showed that walleye spawning groups in the western, central and eastern basins of Lake Erie are genetically distinguishable, and divergences occur among some within-basin spawning locations. These differences apparently are maintained by spawning site philopatry, a behavior in which walleye and later their offspring - return to given spawning sites. Such behavior maintains differences among spawning locations and the lake basins over time, with genotypes in the western basin largely comprising individuals descended from the Mississippi glacial refugium group and those in the eastern basin descended from the Atlantic glacial refugium. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation asked us to examine the genetic characteristics of walleye spawning in Cattaraugus Creek, a tributary in the eastern basin. A historic walleye spawning run occurs in Cattaraugus Creek, which may be altered by the 1996 through 2000 artificial stocking of fry and fingerlings from Maumee River broodstock (introducing genotypes from the western Lake Erie basin). We tested 20 older individuals (both males and females), whose ages pre-date the stocking. We compared results with 20 younger individuals, who should represent returns of stocked individuals as well as offspring of the original genotypes. We sequenced the entire mitochondrial DNA control region to compare with our large walleye database, and are analyzing variation at six microsatellite loci. Results to date indicate that the older individuals comprise a genetically divergent group from other walleye in Lake Erie. An appreciable number of the younger individuals captured in Cattaraugus Creek are consistent with Maumee River genotypes, indicating that they are stocked individuals. Hybridization among the original genotypes and the introduced Maumee River types may constitute a significant risk to the genetic integrity of the former, which is being assessed. [4206] The percentage of crystalline otoliths in hatchery-reared and wild juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound Authors: R.M. Sweeting, J. Jenkins and R.J. Beamish; Pacific Biological Station; Nanaimo, BC CANADA Abstract: Crystalline otoliths are generally translucent rather than opaque because the vaterite form of calcium carbonate dominates in the microstructure rather than aragonite. We use samples from our extensive surveys of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound to show that hatchery-reared coho salmon have exceptionally high percentages of crystalline otoliths relative to wild coho salmon. We speculate on the impacts of this change in otolith microstructure as a consequence of hatchery rearing practices. [4207] Relationship of Size at Return with Environmental Variation, Large-Scale Enhancement, and Productivity of Pink Salmon in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Does Size Matter? Authors: Alex C. Wertheimer and William R. Heard; National Marine Fisheries Service Auke Bay Laboratory; 11305 Glacier Highway; Juneau, Alaska 99801; William W. Smoker; University Alaska Fairbanks Juneau Center Fisheries Ocean Sciences; 11120 Glacier Highway; Juneau, Alaska 99801 Abstract: Average size of pink salmon returning to Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, has declined in recent decades. Although this trend of declining size was apparent prior to the initiation of large-scale hatchery production in the area, size continued to decline from 1975, when the hatchery program was initiated. For the 1975-1999 brood years, pink salmon size was significantly and positively correlated with indices of sea surface temperature (SST) during the year of return, and significantly and negatively correlated with the number of hatchery fry released in PWS, the size of the hatchery run, and an index of total abundance of pink salmon in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Pink salmon size was not significantly correlated with environmental conditions during their first year at sea. Stepwise regression analysis showed that of the parameters tested, the index of total abundance and final year SST best explained the variation in size. Size at return was also significantly and negatively correlated with productivity of wild pink salmon. We used stepwise-regression to fit a generalized linear version of the Ricker spawner-recruit model to determine if size would explain significant variation when other biophysical parameters were also considered, including the magnitude of hatchery production. The results indicated that while variability in wild-stock productivity is primarily driven by density-independent factors in the marine environment, both numbers and size of spawners also significantly affects productivity of PWS pink salmon. The most likely mechanism for declining productivity with body size is reduced fecundity. We conclude that the success of large-scale enhancement in PWS has contributed to the decline in body-size because of density-dependent growth in the GOA, and use a simple simulation model to estimate the magnitude of this effect. [4208] Differential effects of ocean fisheries on hatchery and wild salmon Authors: Peter W Lawson. National Marine Fisheries Service, 2030 S Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365. 541-867-0430 (W), 541-867-0389(F). peter.w.lawson@noaa.gov. Abstract: Mark-selective fisheries are a recent innovation in salmon fishery management designed to allow fishers to harvest hatchery fish while releasing wild fish unharmed. The idea is to mark all hatchery juveniles with an external mark _ usually an adipose fin clip _ that allows fishers to recognize adult hatchery fish when caught. Fishing regulations then prohibit the retention of unmarked fish. This has been applied with coho salmon in the Pacific Northwest since 1999, and mark-selective fisheries are proposed for chinook salmon in Puget Sound in 2003. Although the intention is to release unmarked fish unharmed, in practice release mortality rates range from 10% to 60% or more depending on gear and fishing techniques. A theoretical basis for estimating non-catch mortality has been developed, but application is difficult because mortalities are unobserved and many of the model parameters are difficult or impossible to determine experimentally. A major research benefit of the hatchery fish marking program is that most hatchery coho salmon in Oregon and Washington are now fin-clipped, enabling ready identification of hatchery fish. Fewer hatchery chinook are marked, but useful research applications may exist here, too. On the other hand, researchers studying hatchery-wild interactions in the ocean need to be aware of the potential differential mortality of hatchery and wild salmon in ocean fisheries. [4209] Differences between wild and hatchery steelhead smolts in the Sacramento River/Delta System Authors: R. G. Titus - presenter, California Department of Fish and Game, Stream Evaluation Program, 8175 Alpine Avenue, Suite F, Sacramento, CA 95826, voice (916) 227-6390, FAX (916) 227-6399, rtitus@dfg.ca.gov; M. C. Volkoff, California Department of Fish and Game, Stream Evaluation Program, 8175 Alpine Avenue, Suite F, Sacramento, CA 95826, voice (916) 227-4984, FAX (916) 227-6399, mvolkoff@dfg.ca.gov; W. M. Snider, California Department of Fish and Game, Stream Evaluation Program, 8175 Alpine Avenue, Suite F, Sacramento, CA 95826, voice (916) 227-6336, FAX (916) 227-6399, bsnider@dfg.ca.gov. Abstract: To better understand how steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) use the Sacramento River/Delta system, samples of wild and hatchery steelhead smolts were collected at key points in the system during 1999—2002 to develop comparative life-history information. The sex ratio of hatchery smolts emigrating from the upper Sacramento system was nearly even, while that of wild smolts was in favor of females (30% males, 70% females). Wild female smolts were significantly longer than hatchery female smolts (mean lengths: 229 and 205 mm FL, respectively); male smolts did not differ significantly in length. Wild smolts were ages 1 through 3 and averaged 2.0 years; hatchery smolts were all age 1, their age at release. Hatchery smolts left the upper system significantly earlier than wild smolts (mean Julian days of emigration: 41 and 101, respectively). The sex ratio of hatchery smolts shifted significantly more in favor of females as the fish entered the Sacramento River delta and then exited seaward (41% males, 59% females). In contrast, the sex ratio of hatchery smolts recovered in the interior delta was significantly more in favor of males (55% males, 45% females). The sex ratio of wild smolts moving seaward from the delta (34% males, 66% females) did not differ from that of wild fish leaving the upper system. The results provide evidence of major differences in the migratory behavior between wild and hatchery steelhead, and that hatchery males may rear in the delta to a greater extent than hatchery females. Session: Overcoming Impediments to Fish Passage (Part I) [4301] Dam Removal: Aspen Report and more Author: Marcin Whiman, California Department of Fish & Game, 830 S Street, Sacramento, CA 95814 916-445-3832 mwhitman@dfg.ca.gov. Abstract: The Aspen Institute convened 26 individuals havingsignificant and wide-ranging experience with water resources, river systems, dam operations, and dam removal to discuss issues associated with dam removal decision-making. The group met in a facilitated dialogue for 21 days over a period of two years and completed its report in December, 2002. The group developed a series of premises to guide its recommendations and its report offers both policy-level recommendations and guidance to practiti9oners on: (1) When and why to integrate dam removal as an option in overall river resources management; (2) How to make a decision regarding dam removal; and (3) How to plan and implement dam removals efficiently once a decision has been made to remove a dam. As an AFS member as well as a member of Aspen Dialogues, Whiman will present the group’s conclusion with special emphasis on future participation and tracking by AFS members. [4302] Pacific lamprey passage and the effect of physical and procedural modifications in a test ladder at Bonneville Dam Authors: William R. Daigle (Presenter), Chris A. Peery, and Steve R. Lee, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Moscow, ID, 83844-1141, 208-885-3738, wrdaigle@uidaho.edu; Mary Moser, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA, 98112. Abstract: From telemetry studies we have found that adult Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata do not readily negotiate fishways to pass dams on the Columbia River. To better determine factors affecting passage we evaluated swimming performance and behavior of lamprey in a 4 ft. wide x 40 ft. long model fishway at Bonneville Dam in 1999, 2000, and 2002. The fishway had three different configurations: a pool and weir type setup with three overflow weirs, each with an 18 in. square submerged orifice; a simulated count window with picketed crowder and auxiliary water sections; and a model entrance with a single 12 in. vertical slot weir. We tested the following independent variables: head differential, time of day, and presence or absence of lights, picket lead weirs, and a lip at the base of one orifice. Lowering the head level through an entrance weir significantly increased passage success (P = 0.04). Fish were significantly more active at night (P < 0.0001). Removing a lip at a submerged orifice did not significantly improve passage rates (P = 0.09). The presence or absence of lights (P = 0.90) and picket lead weirs (P = 0.59) did not significantly affect passage passed a simulated counting station and fish used the auxiliary water channel in all treatments. [4303] A bypass structure to aid adult Pacific lamprey passage at hydropower dams in the lower Columbia River drainage. Authors: M.L. Moser-Presenter, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112-2097, 206-860-3351 (W), 206-860-3267 (F), mary.moser@noaa.gov; D.A. Ogden, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, 45 SE 82nd Drive, Suite 100, Gladstone, Oregon 97027-2522 Abstract: Adult Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) exhibit poor passage efficiency at lower Columbia River dams and have particular difficulty in areas near the tops of fishways. Using radiotelemetry, we found that lamprey were obstructed by serpentine weirs, and regularly entered makeup water channels (MWCs), which provide no ready outlet to the dam forebays. To address this problem, we deployed and tested two prototype bypass structures to aid lamprey passage into the forebay from the MWCs. The first design featured a submerged entrance collector that directed lamprey into a rectangular tube. Attraction flow was created by pumping water out from the top of the collector. The second design had an inclined plane at the entrance with water passing along the entire surface to attract lamprey into the bypass tube. Bypass performance was evaluated by trapping lamprey at the top of each device. Lamprey were also marked with a unique silver nitrate brand and released into the MWC to estimate bypass efficiency. The submerged collector with attraction flow passed 0.70 lamprey/h; however, just as many passed when there was no attraction flow (0.75 lamprey/h). The inclined plane passed 0.35 lamprey/h when oriented facing downstream and 0.19 lamprey/h when oriented facing upstream. Efficiency estimates based on mark-recaptures were low (<1%) because lamprey could move out of the MWC after release. Efficiency estimates based on lamprey enumeration at the count window were significantly higher (14-18%), indicating that bypass structures may be useful passage alternatives in areas that obstruct adult lamprey. [4304] Fish Passage at Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District’s Redding Diversion Dam: Then and Now. Authors: T. L. Hamaker-Presenter, CH2MHILL, 2525 Airpark Drive, Redding, CA 96001, 530-229-3289, thamaker@ch2m.com; R. J. Fehringer, CH2MHILL, 2525 Airpark Drive, Redding, CA 96001, 530-229-3382, rfehring@ch2m.com; and D. Swearingen, Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District, 2810 Silver Street, Anderson, CA 96007, 530-365-7329, acid@shasta.com. Abstract: Since its construction in Redding, California in 1917, the Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District’s (ACID’s) seasonal diversion dam has impaired passage of migrating Chinook salmon and steelhead in the upper Sacramento River. A pool-and-weir ladder built in the 1920’s, and a Denil ladder built in the early 1990’s was determined inadequate for passage of migrating adult salmon and steelhead. Diversion screening systems built in the 1960’s were known to be unreliable and inadequate for protection of juvenile salmonids. Beginning in 1999, modern pool-and-chute and vertical-slot fish ladders and state-of-the-art fish screens were installed to replace ACID’s) existing fish passage facilities. This presentation will review features of the new facilities and fish passage before and after construction of the improvement project. Post project monitoring activities will be reviewed and implications on the recovery of endangered winter-run Chinook salmon and other salmonid species will be discussed. [4305] Design of Fish Screens for Irrigation Diversions in Shallow Stream Flows Authors: L. J. Swenson- Presenter, National Marine Fisheries Service, 525 NE Oregon Street No. 500, Portland, OR 97232, 503-230-5448 larry.swenson@noaa.gov; S. E. Hoefer, National Marine Fisheries Service, 525 NE Oregon Street No. 500, Portland, OR 97232 503-231-6938 scott.hoefer@noaa.gov. Abstract: The design of in-stream self-cleaning fish screens at irrigation diversions on shallow streams presents several significant bioengineering challenges. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has promulgated fish screen design criteria to prevent the impingement, entrainment and delay of juvenile salmonids at water diversions in the western United States. Self-cleaning screens are required on diversions with flow rates greater than 0.03 cubic meters per second. There are several proven design alternatives for diversion sites at which dams are used to create sufficient depth to submerge the screen and its associated cleaning equipment. However, there are many hundreds of screen sites at which the flow depth is not sufficient to provide adequate submergence for a conventional self-cleaning screen design without constructing a diversion dam. The design issues and criteria are discussed. The state of the art for shallow in-stream fish screen design is summarized. Few designs that meet NMFS criteria are currently available. Several design alternatives are presented and critiqued. Design aspects requiring additional research and development are suggested. [4306] Close Encounters With A Fish Screen: Impingements With Respect To A Flow Field Analysis Authors: David White- Presenter, NOAA Fisheries, 777 Sonoma Avenue Room 325, Santa Rosa, CA, 95404, david.k.white@noaa.gov, (707) 575-6810; Christina Swanson, Paciencia S. Young, Joseph J. Cech, Jr., Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, 530-756-9021, swanson@bay.org; ZhiQiang Chen, and Levent Kavvas, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, 530-752-2385, zqchen@ucdavis.edu. Abstract: This research examines delta smelt impingement on an experimental fish screen with respect to a flow field analysis. Entrainment losses of fishes at the thousands of water diversions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin watershed are thought to have contributed to population declines for a number of species. We use a large annular flume equipped with a fish screen to evaluate the performance and behavior of small fishes exposed to combinations of approach (range: 0-15 cm/s) and sweeping flows (range: 0-62 cm/s). Results of these studies have shown that these fishes experience frequent temporary contact with the screen and that, for delta smelt, such contact is injurious and potentially lethal. Computer-assisted motion analyses of the experiments were used to quantitatively examine the behavior of fish during impingement events. Measurements of impact velocity, contact duration, and distance traveled in contact with the screen were examined with respect to a flow field analysis. These results are useful for improving fish screen design and operation for the protection of California's fishes. Research supported by DFG, DWR, USBR, NMFS, CALFED Bay Delta Program, and the Anadromous Fish Screen Program (USFWS and USBR). [4307] Performance and Behavior of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Near a Fish Screen: Linking Laboratory and Field Studies Authors: C. Swanson - presenter, P. S. Young, T. MacColl,
A. Kawabata, and J.J. Cech, Jr., Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation
Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, 530-756-9021(W), 530-756-9021(F),
swanson@bay.org; Abstract: Installation of fish screens has been identified as a key strategy for improving fish protection and passage. Development of effective fish screen design and operational criteria require improved understanding of fish responses to the screen, the complex flow environment generated by the diversion, and the screen bypass. We report results for juvenile chinook salmon (45-90 mm standard length) of two ongoing research programs, the laboratory-based Fish Treadmill project and preliminary field trials at operational screened water diversions on the Sacramento River. Behavioral observations from the Fish Treadmill, a large annular flume equipped with a fish screen, showed that young salmon typically responded to the near-screen flow with positive rheotaxis and vigorous, high velocity swimming. To compare this behavior with that of fish in the field, we analyzed video records from the field studies and calculated swimming velocities for individual fish using tailbeat frequency-swimming velocity relationships developed from the Fish Treadmill and other flume studies. Behavior of the fish in the field appeared similar to that observed in the Fish Treadmill, with some fish swimming close to the screen and bypass for prolonged periods. Research supported by DFG, DWR, USBR, CALFED, and the Anadromous Fish Screen Program (USFWS and USBR). [4308] Use of Dual Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) to Examine Fish Behavior Near Fish Screens Authors: R.L. Wantuck-Presenter, NOAA Fisheries, 777 Sonoma Avenue, Suite 325, Santa Rosa, CA, 95404, 707-575-6063 (W),707-578-7768 (F), Richard.Wantuck@noaa.gov;; Dan Odenweller, NOAA Fisheries, 650 Capitol Mall, Suite 8-300, Sacramento, CA, 95814-4706, 916-930-3615 (W), 916-930-3629 (F), Dan.Odenweller@noaa.gov. Abstract: New acoustic sonars have been developed that allow near video quality imagery for the inspection and identification of objects in the underwater environment. Many of these acoustic sonars have been used successfully to detect or inspect static physical objects, vessels, and other geological structures in riverine and ocean situations. NOAA Fisheries Bioengineering Team used one of these technologies- the DIDSON acoustic beam imaging sonar- to examine fish behaviors at two fish protection screens in the Sacramento River Watershed in California. The objective was to observe Chinook salmon fingerlings as they traversed the near screen environment in the vicinity of a juvenile bypass entrance. Hatchery fish were released upstream of the DIDSON location and tracked with the sonar. Conventional light-based cameras were also deployed in the same field of view to provide a comparison. Researchers assessed the capability of this technology to ?see? fish behaviors in relatively turbid and dark waters. Results showed that the DIDSON was capable of identifying fish in this environment at several meters distance under certain conditions, but there are limitations to be considered in the application of this technology for fisheries biology investigations. [4309] Pile driving impacts on swim bladder fish Authors: Robert R. Abbott-Presenter, Strategic Environmental, 2175 East Francisco Blvd. Suite A, San Rafael CA 94901 415-256-8005 (W), 415-256-1123 (F), bud@strategic-environmental.com; Evan Bing-Sawyer, Strategic Environmental. Abstract: Pile driving results in powerful hydroacoustic pressures waves that cause the swim bladder to contract and then expand. Pathologies associated with dramatic pressure changes are termed barotraumas. The rapid expansion stretches the swimbladder wall, and pushes the swimbladder against internal organ with each blow of the hammer. The swim bladder of fish very close to the pile being driven may rupture, releasing the swim bladder gas into the body cavity where it expands and the stunned fish float up to the surface. Fish floundering near the surface are subject to predation by piscivorous birds. Pile driving may also injure the sensory membranes of the semicircular canals in the fish’s inner ear resulting in disorientation and wild whirling behavior. These fish are easy targets for larger predatory fish. Pile driving injuries tend to be cumulative. The longer the exposure the more severe the injury to the extent that after several hours the internal organs may be completely homogenized. Fish close to the piles may experience injuries due to rectified diffusion and transient cavitation as bubbles form and collapse in blood vessels. Regulatory concerns are for both near-term and delayed mortalities. Session: Biology, Ecology, and Management of Pacific Coast Sharks (Part I) [4401] Results of a two-year survey of Mexican artisanal fisheries targeting sharks, skates and rays in the Gulf of California Authors: Robert Hueter*, John Tyminski, Gregor Cailliet, Joseph Bizzarro, Wade Smith, Fernando Marquez-Farias, Leonardo Castillo-Geniz and Carlos Villavicencio-Garayzar; * Presenter; (RH and JT) Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida USA; tel 941-388-4441; fax 941-388-4312; rhueter@mote.org, johnski@mote.org; (GC, JB and WS) Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California USA; tel 831-632-4432; fax 831-632-4403; cailliet@mlml.calstate.edu, jbizzarro@mlml.calstate.edu, wsmith@mlml.calstate.edu; (FM) Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, SAGARPA, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico; tel & fax 622-222-5925; fmarquez@gys.megared.net.mx; (LC) Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, SAGARPA, Mexico and Laboratorio de Ecologia Pesquera, CICESE, Ensenada, BC Mexico; tel 526-174-5050; fax 526-175-0545; lcastill@cicese.mx; (CV) Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, BCS Mexico; tel 521-121-1140; fax 521-121-1880; cvilla@calafia.uabcs.mx. Abstract: Mexico is a major shark-fishing nation, and more sharks and their relatives (elasmobranch fishes) are taken in artisanal fisheries of Mexico's Gulf of California than in any other Mexican region. Concerns over the status of shark and ray populations under heavy fishing pressure in the Gulf led us to conduct a multi-institutional study of artisanal fishing effort and catches of sharks and other species over a two-year period (1998-99). Surveys revealed a total of 147 active fishing camps and 4,000-5,500 active fishing boats (pangas) targeting sharks to one degree or another. A total of 30 shark species and 24 batoid species were documented in the catch and juvenile sharks, pregnant sharks, small shark species (cazones) and rays were common. Catches of large sharks (tiburones) appear to have declined in recent years. Even with the great natural abundance and biodiversity of sharks in the Gulf, and with the small-scale, non-industrialized methods of artisanal fishermen, overfishing of shark stocks has probably occurred. The resulting information from our study is designed to be used by resource managers and user groups to formulate conservation and management priorities and plans for the Gulf of California. [4402] Elasmobranches fisheries in the Upper Gulf of California Authors: J. Leonardo* Castillo-Geniz, Juan C. Perez-Jimenez
and Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki Abstract: In order to understand the roll of the Upper Gulf of California in the elasmobranches life history, since February 2002 we have being sampling the catch of the artisan fishery based in the port of San Felipe, Baja California. This analysis is underway and up today we have observed 45 fishing trips that caught 495 elasmobranches belonging to 12 species which six (78% of organisms) were sharks, and the rest rays. The most abundant species were: grey smooth-hound (Mustelus californicus, 38.1%), sicklefin smooth-hound (M. lunulatus, 28.6%), pacific cownose ray (Rhinoptera steindachneiri, 15.1%), brown smooth (M. henlei, 6.85%), and shovelnose guitarfish (Rhinobatus productus, 3.2%). Most of the organisms present were juveniles caught by bottom gillnets. A description of the size composition, sex rate and maturity stage for the principal species will be presented. Because we found the presence of newborn specimens, we are concentrating our sampling effort in order to evaluate this area as a nursery area for shark species that are caught along the Gulf of California, and this preliminary information will be presented. [4403] Elasmobranches fisheries from the southwestern Gulf of California Author: Guerrero-Maldonado Lenin Alberto* y Villavicencio-Garayzar Carlos; *Presenter; Laboratorio de Elasmobranquios, Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. Carr. Al Sur Km 5.5, La Paz, BCS, Mexico Phone: +52(612) 1280775, Fax: +52 (612) 121 80 80. guerrero@cicese.mx. Abstract: We analyzed the artisanal fishery at two fishing camps (El Faro de Punta Arenas-Cueva de León and El Sargento-La Ventana) from the southwestern Gulf of California, between 2000 and 2001. Fishing was carried out onboard of small fishing boats (less than 10 m long) using mainly gillnets and harpoons. Even sharks were important; this fishery was very dynamic switching between sharks and snappers when present, because the higher economical value of the later. During the July to August period shark catch rates diminished and fishing operations concentrated on Mobulids using harpoons. Total catch for the studied was composed by 17 species belonging to seven families; however the species composition changed through the months. The most dominant species were Prionace glauca (38%), Mobula japonica (19%), M. munkiana (11%) and Isurus oxyrinchus (10%); we will describe size distribution, sex rates, and preliminary determinations of size at first maturity for these species. P. glauca and I. oxyrinchus were present during all sampling season, while Carcharhinus longimanus, Sphirna zygaena, Manta birostri, and Mobula japonica were only present during warm months (April to September). These results will help for the establishment of future management regulations. [4404] Diet shift in the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) during transition from a warm to cold water regime off California and Oregon, 1998-2000 Authors: A. Preti (Presenter), D.A. Ramon and S.E. Smith, NMFS/NOAA, SWFSC, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037. email presenter: sharksharkshark@hotmail.com (Antonella Preti) Fax: 858-546-7003. Abstract: Diet of common thresher shark during a cool water period (1999-2000) was compared to the previous warm-water transition period (1998-1999). Stomachs during both periods were collected by federal fishery observers from the California?based drift gillnet fishery. Of 87 stomachs examined from the cold water period, 67 contained food, with 8 prey taxa, revealing a narrower trophic spectrum than the previous warm water transition year when 20 prey taxa were identified. As in the warmer period, Engraulis mordax was the most important overall prey (GII=89.7), more important than during the warm water year. Loligo opalescens (GII=42.1), was second in importance, dramatically more prevalent in the cool water versus warm transitional year. Important diet items in the cold water period, by descending importance, were ‘unidentified teleost’ (GII=30.1); Sardinops sagax (GII=23.0); Merluccius productus (GII=16.9), Scomber japonicus, (GII=3.7), also among the top six items in the previous warm transition period. Pleuroncodes planipes, common in the diet during the warm transition period, was absent from the diet during the cold water period. Results suggest that during cool water periods, this shark targets a narrower prey range, but may be forced to shift to more diversified and opportunistic diet during less productive warm-water El Niño years. [4405] Biological studies on sharks from the state of Baja California Sur Author: Felipe Galván-Magaña; Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR); A.P. 592 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. C.P. 23000. Phone: (612) 12 25344. Fax (612) 12 25322. e-mail: fgalvan@ipn.mx. Alejandra Cabrera-Chavez-Costa, presenter. Abstract: Since the year 2000 sharks caught by artisanal
fishermen have been sampled by CICIMAR in both coasts of the state of
Baja California Sur. Our objective is to produce biological information
for the establishment of adequate fishing regulations for all sharks.
The main species are: blue shark, silky shark and mako shark in the western
coast; whereas the angel shark and scalloped hammerhead shark are in the
southwestern coast of the Gulf of California. For blue shark and silky
shark we have information on reproduction, feeding habits and age and
growth. In mako shark we are doing research on age and growth; whereas
in angel shark, information on reproduction and feeding habits will be
shown. In scalloped hammerhead shark, we have data on reproduction and
feeding habits, mostly from juveniles. In conclusion, we found that blue
shark is a healthy resource caught year-round and could be fished with
small regulations. Silky shark, mako shark and angel shark are seasonal
species with little biological information and more research is necessary.
The scalloped hammerhead is an endangered species in the Gulf of California,
because only juveniles are found during winter time and few adults have
been recorded ten years ago. [4406] Concentration of mercury (Hg) in sharks from the Gulf of California: exploratory results Authors: J. García-Hernández1, J. Fernando Márquez-Farias2* and Norma Ramos-Delgado3; *Presenter; 1, 3 Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C. (CIAD), Carretera al Varadero Nacional Km 6.6 A.P. 284, C.P. 85480, Guaymas, Sonora, México, 622-2216533 (T/F). 1 jaqueline@cascabel.ciad.mx, 3norade@cascabel.ciad.mx ; 2 Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Guaymas (C.R.I.P.) Instituto Nacional de la Pesca. SAGARPA. Calle 20 Sur 605. Col. Cantera. CP 85400. Guaymas, Sonora, México. fmarquez@gys.megared.net.mx. Abstract: The Gulf of California, once a pristine ecosystem, is now being degraded due to overfishing and pollution. Apex predator fish are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and environmental problems. One of the most important contaminant of concern in aquatic food chains is mercury (Hg). This is a toxic metal with no known essential function in vertebrate organisms. Despite its importance for food safety, there are no previous published results on the concentrations of mercury in fish from the Gulf of California. In the next months we will begin an effort to characterize the levels of this contaminant in edible tissue of 25 species of fish predators from the Gulf of California. Exploratory results obtained from 22 shark samples (Alopias pelagicus, Sphirna lewini, S. zygaena, and Carcharhinus limbatus) obtained from the northern Gulf of California in 2001, showed levels of mercury ranking from 0.5 ppm to 5 ppm in edible tissue, although 95% of the samples were between 0.8 ppm and 1.8 ppm of Hg. These exploratory results show the need to conduct an extensive study on the levels of Hg for the protection of the fish species and to alert on the potential threat in the human health. [4407] Essential fish habitat of six pelagic sharks in the U.S. Pacific Coast Exclusive Economic Zone Authors: Susan E. Smith - Presenter, NMFS Southwest
Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037.
858?546?7070 (W), 858-546-7003 (F). susan.smith@noaa.gov;
R. Rasmussen, NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores
Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037. 858-546-7184 (W), 858-546-7003 (F), Abstract: Essential fish habitat (EFH) in the U.S. EEZ off California, Oregon and Washington is described for Alopias vulpinus, A. pelagicus, A. superciliosus, Prionace glauca, Isurus oxyrinchus and Carcharodon carcharias. Designations are based largely on presence/absence and relative abundance data from fishery and fishery?independent sources, much of it unpublished to date. The material was prepared for the Pacific Fishery Management Council=s highly migratory species fishery management plan approved by the Council in November 2002 to be submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service for approval. Designations are based on recreational commercial passenger fishing vessel logbook data, driftnet and setnet observer data, commercial vessel logbook data, published and unpublished tagging data, and also in the case of the white shark, attack location information. Where data were available, catch frequency distribution by bottom depth were analyzed to determine isobath boundaries of designated EFH. In the case of species or life states where distributions are coastal or where insufficient documentation exists as to the oceanic nature of their distribution, outer boundaries reflect the isobaths within which 95% of the observed catches were recorded. [4408] The Nearshore Elasmobranch Fauna of the Southern California Bight Authors: Daniel J. Pondella, II-Presenter, Vantuna Research Group, Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90041, (323) 259-2955(W), (323) 259-2887(F), Pondella@oxy.edu; Larry G. Allen, Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, (818) 677-3340(W), (818) 677-2034(F), larry.allen@csun.edu. Abstract: From 1995 to present, the nearshore rocky-reef ichthyofauna of the Southern California Bight has been continually monitored by gill nets by the Ocean Resource Enhancement Hatchery Program (OREHP) for the California Department of Fish and Game. While the sampling program is designed to catch white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis), data from the bycatch indicates that elasmobranchs have a higher density and biomass in our nearshore environment than previously understood. We will discuss the spatial and temporal trends of the soupfin (Galeorhinus zyopterus), gray and brown smooth hounds (Mustelus henlei, M. californicus) leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata), butterfly ray (Gymnura marmorata), horn shark (Heterodontus francisci), bat ray (Myliobatis californica), and sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus). Our findings show that despite regional declines in productivity and fishery species, southern California elasmobranchs are either maintaining themselves or increasing in abundance. [4409] Habitat and migration of the salmon shark Author: Kevin Weng1*, David Holts2, Ken Goldman3, Jack Musick3 and Barbara Block1; 1 Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950. 2 National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla Laboratory 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1508 ; 3 Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach. 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Long Beach CA 90840; * Corresponding author. Tel. 831-655-6237. Fax: 831-375-0793. Email: kcmw@stanford.edu. Abstract: The salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) is a pelagic apex predator occurring across the North Pacific. Lamna is considered the most endothermic genus in the family Lamnidae with the northernmost distribution. Their movements, habitat and population structure are poorly understood. We tagged nine individuals with pop-up satellite archival tags in Prince Williams Sound, Alaska in the summers of 1999 and 2002. Pressure, ambient temperature and light data were recorded at two-minute intervals for 1-6 months and transmitted in summary form to Argos satellites, while pop-up positions were calculated based on these radio transmissions. Depth and ambient temperature preferences were discerned in relationship to thermocline structure. Salmon sharks have a broad thermal distribution and undertook dives to over 600 m. Positions between deployment and detachment were calculated with a light-based algorithm for longitude and a sea surface-temperature-based latitude algorithm. Over six months, several sharks moved south into the Gulf of Alaska or toward the continental margin of North America, and as far south as Baja, Mexico. A second pattern was residency in Alaska waters. The movement patterns suggest that resident sharks remain in a feeding mode into the winter months while others move south, potentially for breeding. Session: Ecology and Management of Marine Fishes and Habitats [4501] Age, growth and radiometric age validation of the blackgill rockfish, Sebastes melanostomus Authors: Melissa M. Stevens (presenter), Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940-1085, work (831) 647-6827; fax (831) 647-6870, mmahoney@mbayaq.org; OR melmahoney@hotmail.com; Allen H. Andrews, Gregor M. Cailliet, Kenneth H. Coale, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, work (831) 771-4400; fax (831) 771-4403, andrews@mlml.calstate.edu, cailliet@mlml.calstate.edu, coale@mlml.calstate.edu. Abstract: As nearshore fish populations in the eastern Pacific Ocean become depleted, many commercial fishers shift their efforts toward deeper continental slope habitats to target fishes for which biological information is limited. One such fishery developed in the early 1980’s for the blackgill rockfish, Sebastes melanostomus, a deep-dwelling (500-800 m) species that congregates over rocky pinnacles mainly from southern California to southern Oregon. Growth zone-derived age estimates from otolith thin sections were compared to ages obtained from the radioactive disequilibria of 210Pb, relative to its parent, 226Ra, in otolith cores of blackgill rockfish collected off the Pacific coast in 1985 and 1998-2000. Age estimates were validated up to at least age 41, with a strong pattern of agreement supporting longevity exceeding 90 years. Age and length data fitted to the Von Bertalanffy growth function indicate Sebastes melanostomus is slow-growing (k = 0.045) and that females grow slower than males, but reach a larger asymptotic length. Results of this study agree with general life history traits already recognized for many Sebastes species, such as long life, slow growth, and late age at maturation. These traits may undermine the sustainability of blackgill rockfish populations when heavy fishing pressure, such as that which occurred in the 1980s, is applied. [4502] Bomb radiocarbon in otoliths of yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) as a chronometer for age validation of quillback rockfish (Sebastes maliger). Authors: Lisa A. Kerr-Presenter (lkerr@mlml.calstate.edu)1, Allen H. Andrews (andrews@mlml.calstate.edu)1, Brian R. Frantz (BRF8@pge.com)2, Kenneth H. Coale (coale@mlml.calstate.edu)1, Thomas A. Brown (tabrown@llnl.gov)2, Gregor M. Cailliet (cailliet@mlml.calstate.edu)1; 1Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University; 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039; phone: 831-771-4419, fax: 831-632-4403; 2Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories; 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551; phone: (925) 423-9913, fax: (925) 423-7884 Abstract: Atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices during the 1950s and 1960s created a global radiocarbon (14C) signal in the ocean environment. The bomb-generated radiocarbon signal retained in fish otoliths can be used as a permanent, time-specific marker of the radiocarbon present in ambient seawater, making it a useful tool in age validation of fishes. The goal of this study was to determine radiocarbon levels in otoliths of the age-validated yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) to establish a chronometer for radiocarbon in the waters of southeast Alaska and to validate age of the quillback rockfish (Sebastes maliger) using this chronometer. Radiocarbon values from the first year’s growth of 43 yelloweye rockfish otoliths were plotted against estimated birth year to produce a radiocarbon time series for southeast Alaskan waters from 1940 to 1990. Radiocarbon measured in quillback rockfish otoliths, with estimated birth years from 1950 to 1985, was similar to values recorded for the yelloweye rockfish during the same period. The agreement between the rockfish records successfully validated the age estimates and the ageing methodology of otoliths for the quillback rockfish. The establishment of a radiocarbon chronometer in the waters of southeast Alaska provides a valuable tool useful for future age validation of marine fishes in this region. [4503] The effect of catch-and-release angling using circle and J-type hooks on the growth and survival of juvenile pen reared white seabass Authors: S.A. Aalbers-Presenter, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research
Institute, PO Box 5049, Avalon, CA. 90704, 760-845-1974, saalbers@hotmail.com;
G.M. Stutzer, Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research, 1400 North
Pacific St., Oceanside, CA. 92054, 760-721-2531, gregstutzer@netzero.net;
M.A. Drawbridge, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, [4504] Habitat structure and recruitment success of two near shore reef fishes Author: K.S. Andrews. Student presenter. Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, (619) 594-3750 (W), (619) 594-5676 (F), andrews2@rohan.sdsu.edu. Abstract: State and federal agencies are charged with identifying and protecting “essential fish habitat” for vulnerable fish species. Consequently, evaluating particular habitats that may differ in the recruitment and subsequent survival of young-of-year reef fishes is crucial to this mandate. In this study, I use a large-scale experimental reef to identify important habitat characteristics of two rocky reef fishes, the California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) and the blackeye goby (Rhinogobiops nicholsii) at four spatial scales. The experimental system consists of seven blocks of three habitat treatments that vary in the amount of hard substrate present within a 1600 m2 plot (17%, 34%, or 67% of the area is covered). Results from surveying this system show (1) Recruitment was similar across a 2.5 km stretch of coastline for both species, (2) Recruitment was higher to the 34% covered treatments for California sheephead, while the blackeye goby showed higher recruitment to 34% coverage than to 17% coverage but not 67% coverage, (3) Recruitment of each species was higher to the “inside” of each module compared to the “ecotone”, and (4) Rugosity was an important microhabitat characteristic in predicting the presence of blackeye goby while rugosity and vertical relief showed some importance for California sheephead. [4505] The effects of exercise training on growth and muscle development of white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) Authors: G. J. Buhr-Presenter, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego, CA, 92109, 760-434-9501 (W), 760-434-9502 (F), gbuhr@hswri.org; M. S. Lowery, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalá Park, San Diego, CA, 92110, 619-260-4078 (W), slowery@acusd.edu; M. A. Drawbridge, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingraham Street, San Diego, CA, 92109, 760-434-9501 (W), 760-434-9502 (F), mdrawbr@hswri.org. Abstract: White seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) have been cultured for stock enhancement in southern California since 1985. Historically, current velocities in white seabass culture systems have been low due to tank and pump dynamics or increased to facilitate removal of waste, not to meet any biological needs of fish. The purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of exercise training on juvenile white seabass, with the goal of optimizing culture performance. Juvenile white seabass were exposed to three current velocities: (1) slow at 0.3 – 0.4 BL/sec, (2) moderate at 0.7 - 0.8 BL/sec, (3) fast at 1.2 – 1.3 BL/sec, and a control with no directional velocity. White seabass from all treatment groups showed a significant increase in both length and weight when compared to the control groups. The “fast” group exhibited the greatest increase in somatic growth, as well as red muscle area, and the ratio of red to white muscle. All treatment groups showed increases in aerobic enzyme activity levels. Fish swimming at moderate and slow velocities had thicker white muscle fiber diameters when compared to the control groups, while fish swimming at fast velocities had the thinnest muscle fibers of all groups. These results suggest that exercise has a beneficial effect on both muscle growth and aerobic fitness of juvenile white seabass. [4506] Applicability and limitations of ultrasonic telemetry and archival tags for defining pelagic fish habitat Author: R. W. Brill, Presenter, NMFS-NEFSC-Cooperative Marine Education and Research Program, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, 804-684-7875(W), 805-685-7097(F), rbrill@vims.edu. Abstract: Ultrasonic tags provide very precise data on the vertical and horizontal movements of pelagic fishes, but only over relatively short durations (1-4 days). Nonetheless, the effects of decreasing temperature and oxygen levels with depth on the vertical movements of tunas and billfishes have been quantified. Strong correlations have also been found between the vertical movements of tunas and their assumed prey species, when vertical movements of the latter were simultaneously recorded with sonar. In contrast, archival (i.e., electronic data storage) tags are now being used to record the behaviors of pelagic fishes over months to years. These devices provide very precise data on vertical movements which compliment those from acoustic tracking studies. Archival tags have also demonstrated important long-term (e.g., month-long or seasonal) changes in behavior patterns. Their light-based geolocations are, however, not sufficiently accurate nor precise to allow inferences on fish aggregation to specific oceanographic or geographic features. I suggest that advancements in defining pelagic fish habitat will require the continued use of both ultrasonic telemetry and archival tags. Moreover, these studies should be conducted in tandem with laboratory experiments to define specifically the physiological abilities and tolerances of pelagic fishes, as well as their sensory biology. [4508] Marine Life Management Reform in California Author: Michael L. Weber, Marine Advisor to the California Fish and Game Commission, 228-1/2 South Juanita Avenue, Redondo Beach, CA 90277-3438. MleoWeber@aol.com, Ph: 310-316-0599, Fax: 310-316-8509. Abstract: In the late 1990s, the California Legislature passed two laws that significantly changed the State’s approach to marine wildlife conservation. The Marine Life Management Act (MLMA) of 1998 established a system for managing fisheries through fishery management plans that aimed at achieving specific objectives. The MLMA also shifted some responsibility for management of commercial fisheries to the California Fish and Game Commission. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) of 1999 established a system for rationalizing the State’s array of marine protected areas and for establishing a network of marine reserves that would meet specific objectives. Both laws reflect a fundamental shift in ideology that was occurring contemporaneously at national and international levels. Rather than emphasizing expansion of fishing effort to tap into limitless abundance as well as management for single-species sustainability, both laws reflect an emphasis on managing for conservation of ecosystems in an environment of scarcity and uncertainty. These two ambitious legislative initiatives, together with efforts to designate marine reserves at the Channel Islands, have tested the capacity of agencies and constituents to meet specific mandates. Likewise, efforts to integrate these initiatives have had mixed success. [4509] The path to ecosystem-based management
in the California nearshore. Abstract: In the later 1990s, California adopted fundamental changes in marine life management policy (see companion abstract by Michael L. Weber) that mandated, among other things, ecosystem-based management, including the maintenance of ecosystem health and diversity and development of a network of marine reserves. We present the key elements for the transition from information-poor, precautionary management, to information-rich, spatially explicit ecosystem-based management in the California nearshore fishery. These elements are included in a fishery management plan adopted by the state in 2002. Each stage of management is implemented through a set of monitored parameters, with explicit triggers for a range of interventions that include catch and gear restrictions, areal closures, and other traditional management tools. Marine reserves serve as reference points in a repeated measures BACI experimental design. The complexity of scientific monitoring, the statistical power of the monitoring design, the benefits to consumptive and non-consumptive uses and values, and accountability all increase from Stage 1 (information-poor management) through Stage 2 (information-moderate) to Stage 3 (information-rich). The most significant scientific hurdle comes with Stage 3, when ecosystem and environmental variability effects are taken into consideration. Session: The Role of Natural History Collections in Endangered Species Management [4601] The Legacy of David Starr Jordan (1851-1931) in Ichthyology, Fisheries Biology, and Collection Building. Authors: Martin R. Brittan, Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 916-989-3060 (W), brittanm@saclink.csus.edu; Mark R. Jennings, Rana Resources, Davis, CA, 530-753-2727 (W), 530-753-2727 (F), ranaresources@aol.com. Abstract: Almost all modern American ichthyologists, many (probably the majority) of the fisheries biologists, and most of the fish collections go back in lineage to David Starr Jordan, and through him to Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) and Baron Cuvier (1769-1832). As a student at Cornell, Jordan made friends who later became colleagues. As a professor at Butler, and Indiana Universities, and as president at Indiana and Stanford, Jordan turned out students and proteges (Gilbert, Clark, Fowler, Eigenmann, Everman, Hubbs, Jenkins, Rich,Snyder, and Starks, to name a few) who became colleagues, and who themselves produced large numbers of teachers who in turn became leading teachers in modern ichthyology and fisheries biology. In Gilbert (d. 1928), Hubbs (d. 1979), Myers (d. 1985), Snyder (d. 1943) and W.F. Thompson (d. 1965) (again, to name just a few) we find the flowering of ideas in modern conservation biology. All of these workers were prodigious collectors, ichthyological explorers, and energetic researchers, and laid the foundations of fisheries biology, ecology, and biogeography as we know them today. Jordan and his students were leaders in working with and for government agencies and in developing close working arrangements between conservation agencies and academia. Jordan was an academic reformer, and championed, besides coeducation, the addition of academic majors and major professors, expanded science curricula, and free electives, to college programs. Younger modern ichthyologists and fisheries biologists should be proud of the fact that 5 to 8 "academic generations" later, they are still in the direct line of descent from this remarkable man. [4602] The role of natural history museum collections in the conservation of endangered Great Plains fish species. Authors: Julie A. Scheurer, (Presenter), National Marine Fisheries Service, Manchester Research Station, 7305 Beach Drive East, Port Orchard, WA 98366; julie.scheurer@noaa.gov; 360-871-8330.; Kevin R. Bestgen,Larval Fish Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Tel: (970) 491-1848, kbestgen@cnr.colostate.edu; Kurt D. Fausch, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, (970) 491-6457, kurtf@cnr.colostate.edu. Abstract: We used natural history museum collections
to develop a key for identification and clarify the historic distributions
of two state-threatened species of Hybognathus in eastern Colorado
basins. Similar morphology and confused historical taxonomy of H.
hankinsoni (brassy minnow) and H. placitus (plains minnow)
have made determination of their historic distributions and conservation
status unclear. We developed logistic regression models from morphometric
measurements to predict species identity of Hybognathus collections
from Colorado and adjacent counties (n=1154 specimens in 134 lots). A
model based on orbit diameter, standard length, and eye position correctly
predicted 98% of the specimens examined and 100% of the museum lots. The
two species were historically sympatric in the Platte, Republican, and
Smoky Hill River basins, whereas H. placitus was allopatric in the Arkansas
River basin. The taxonomic characters defined here will allow accurate
identification of future collections to determine the status of these
native fishes. Museum collections proved vital to resolving this taxonomic
conundrum and will help guide fisheries managers’ conservation efforts. [4603] Techniques to Improve the Quality of Field Collections for Museum Archives. Author: Alexandra M. Snyder, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, 505-277-6005 (W), 505-277-3218 (F), amsnyder@unm.edu. Abstract: Natural history museums are the traditional repositories for most fish collections taken from the wild. It is important that specimens are initially well preserved and documented in the field so they can be maintained in perpetuity in museum collections. This initial treatment will also ensure long term conservation of the specimens and increase their usefulness. In addition, by using proven field techniques in preparation and documentation, the collector will provide specimens for a wider range of research problems and avoid duplication of collecting effort or the unnecessary destruction of sensitive fish species and habitat. In this talk I will discuss materials and methods that can be easily obtained and used in the field and, at the same time, support the conservation of research collections. [4604] Unraveling the double helix: the convoluted role of DNA and tissue collections in endangered species management. Author: Phillip Harris, Curator of the University of Alabama Ichthyology Collection, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345, 205-348?1831 (W), 205-348?6460 (F), pharris@bama.ua.edu; B.R. Kuhajda, and C. Lydeard, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345. Abstract: The 21st century is the century of molecular biology; these techniques havebrought new sources of data, and new challenges, to the management andconservation of endangered species. DNA sequencing and associated phylogenetic or population-genetic analyses enable researchers to shed light on numerous questions including species taxonomy, patterns of gene flow, and genetic variation in small populations. DNA and tissue collections differ from other museum collections in four ways. First, historical, formalin-fixed tissues are not yet useful in molecular studies, unlike mammal or bird skins. Second, tissue samples can be more difficult to collect than traditional specimens, particularly in geographically remote locations because of the need to transport dry ice or liquid nitrogen for freezing, or large quantities of ethanol for dehydration of specimens or tissue samples. Third, tissue samples are not permanent assets to museums because their use is consumptive, unlike traditional voucher specimens; thus, access to these samples must be limited, contrary to the traditional philosophy of museums of promoting free exchange of specimens. Finally, it is especially critical, from both scientific and legal perspectives, that there is a direct link between the tissue sample or vial of DNA and voucher specimen (either carcass or photograph). We will discuss the nature of DNA and tissue collections, potential conflicts among researchers using these collections, provide examples on the critical role of voucher specimens, and propose a protocol for collecting, depositing and vouchering tissues and DNA to better our collective efforts in managing and conserving endangered species. [4605] Problems Associated with Irradiation of Genetic Samples by U.S. Postal Service. Authors: Kristen L. Graham, Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, 707-664?3055 (W), 707-664?3012 (F), absolutknine@hotmail.com; Daniel J. Logan, National Marine Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, 777 Sonoma Avenue, Santa Rosa, California 95404-6515, 707-575-6053 (W), 707-578-3435 (F), dan.logan@noaa.gov; Derek J. Girman, Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, 707-664?3055 (W), 707-664?3012 (F), girman@sonoma.edu. Abstract: The purpose of this project is to examine the effects of irradiation of tissue samples sent through the United Stated Postal Service mail system. Concern for terrorist activity carried out via the use of biological agents sent through the mail has increased in the U.S. As a result the U.S. Postal service has been increasing efforts to prevent this type of activity, specifically with respect to agents such as anthrax. One method being increasingly employed is the process of irradiating mail prior to delivery. The U.S. postal service now conducts irradiation at a level of 50 kGy (50,000 Gy) per sample on a subset of U.S. mail. We compared steelhead fin clip samples split into three subsamples: one was irradiated (50 kGy) by the RDI?IBA Technology Group, one was mailed but not irradiated; one remained in the lab. We made side by side comparisons of newly extracted DNA from all subsamples, visualized by gel electrophoresis. In addition, each sub-sample was analyzed for microsatellite loci used commonly in steelhead conservation genetics research. Differential degradation or mutational differences found between subsamples could have dramatic implications for analyses that rely on tissues sent through the mail in many clinical and research fields. [4606] Endangered Species Act Permitting for Museums, Specimen Ownership, and Intellectual Property Issues. Authors: Daniel J. Logan, National Marine Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, 777 Sonoma Avenue, Santa Rosa, California 95404-6515, voice 707-575-6053 (W), 707-578-3435 (F), dan.logan@noaa.gov; Rosalie del Rosario, National Marine Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, 650 Capitol Mall, Suite 8-300, Sacramento California 95814-4706, 916-930-3614 (W), 916-930-3625 (F), Rosalie.delRosario@noaa.gov; Lamont Jackson, Ruth Johnson, Amy Sloan, and Jennifer Skidmore, National Marine Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, 301-713-1401 (W), 301-713-0376 (F), lamont.jackson@noaa.gov, ruth.johnson@noaa.gov, amy.sloan@noaa.gov, jennifer.skidmore@noaa.gov. Abstract: One purpose of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is to provide a program for the conservation of listed species. To that end, the Secretaries of Interior and Commerce issue permits authorizing research and other activities associated with conservation of listed species. Collection of ESA listed species for museums can be permitted under the ESA, because natural history exhibits and collections aid conservation efforts by providing materials for research and educational outreach. Museum specimens of ESA-listed species are often collected by researchers who have obtained research permits. Transfers of legally-collected specimens to museums from nonaffiliated permit holders can be authorized as permanent loans under the ESA with a simple authorization letter. The purpose of issuing research permits for ESA-listed species is to provide information for better managing those species and to lead to recovery. Issuance and reauthorization of permits is based, in part, on the condition that the permit holder submit annual reports describing any information gathered under the permit. That information is used to aid the recovery of the species. National Marine Fisheries Service is committed to working with researchers to ensure that the annual reports do not infringe upon the researchers' full freedom of data interpretation or publication of results. [4607] International Transfer of Legally Accessioned Collection Materials - ESA and CITES Concerns. Author: Arthur Coppola, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Management Authority, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room 700, Arlington, VA 22203, 703-358?2104, ext. 5445 (W), 703-358?2281 (F), art_coppola@fws.gov. Abstract: Pursuant to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the international movement of ESA and/or CITES listed scientific specimens (preserved, dried or embedded), requires prior approval from the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. Following approval of a Certificate of Scientific Exchange (COSE), and/or ESA Museum Permit, scientific institutions are authorized to import, export or re-export ESA and CITES listed museum specimens. Such specimens must be shipped as non-commercial loans, donations, or exchanges among scientific institutions. [4608] Utility of Baleen and Whale Bones from Museums for Assessing Changes in Genetic Diversity. Authors: R.L. Brownell, Jr., Southwest Fisheries Science
Center, 1352 Lighthouse Ave., Pacific Abstract: Recognizing the role that historical samples could play in assessing changes in genetic diversity among exploited whale populations, we devised a series of techniques to more effectively isolate DNA from specimens of baleen and bone. We examined historical specimens of endangered North Atlantic and North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena glacialis and E. japonica) and from all five endangered populations of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) using DNA isolated from museum and archeological specimens of baleen plates and bones. These museum specimens of right whales were from the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries but those from bowheads were as old as 1,000 years BP. Sequences from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from these samples were compared with those from contemporary specimens. Our results suggest that there has been only relatively modest change in maternal lineage diversity over the past century in the North Atlantic right whale population. Diagnostic sites were found to separate right whales from bowheads. Precisely determining the extent of loss of genetic diversity in the most abundant bowhead population (Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas) is not possible because of the large number of haplotypes found in the current population. Loss of gene diversity experienced by North Atlantic right whales over the last century has been modest, and the six decades of protection have been successful in maintaining much of the remaining maternal lineage diversity that was present in the late nineteenth century. Five haplotypes currently exist. The sample size of historical North Pacific right whales and the massive illegal catches of these whales by Soviet pelagic whaling operations in the 1960s make it impossible to tell what has happened to their gene diversity during the twentieth century. However, none of the haplotypes found among the historical samples matched the only three haplotypes in the extant North Pacific population. While it appears that some maternal lineages were lost to this extensive hunting, the genetic diversity of this population may have already been severely compromised. Historical bowhead samples may shed new light on the relationship of the currently recognized five populations. Even more information will be available in the future from museum specimens, as better techniques are developed to extract DNA from more ancient samples and formalin preserved samples. [4609] Specimen Acquisition and the Realization of the Potential of Natural History Collections: From water to jar and beyond. Authors: Steven P. Platania, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, 505-277-6005 (W), 505-277-3218 (F), platania@unm.edu. Abstract: The Copernican role of natural history collections in systematic and evolutionary research has been continuous from before the time of Carolus Linnaeus until present. No where has this invaluable resource been more essential than in the field of systematic ichthyology as indicated by the formal description of over 25,000 species of fishes (the most species-rich group of vertebrate organisms). Given the crucial and principal function of natural history collections for descriptive sciences, these biological reference libraries have often been referred to as systematic collections. The long recognized wealth of evolutionary information associated with natural history collections often obscured equally valuable ecological significance of collections. The relatively recent emphasis on biodiversity, conservation biology, and endangered species served to highlight the importance of natural history collections as a principal resource for such issues. Natural history institutions, and the almost unlimited capabilities associated with their electronic databases, are unsurpassed in their ability to document temporal changes in floral and faunal on an ecological scale. The utility of natural history collections in this discipline, both realized and potential will be presented and discussed using examples of conservation issues confronting freshwater fishes from the American Southwest. Session: Guidelines for Decision Making and Technical Applications for Captive Breeding Programs (Part I) [4701] Risk/Benefit Considerations for Captive Propagation Programs. Authors: Jon Drake, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fishery Science Center, 2725 E. Montlake Blvd., Seattle, WA 98112, 206-860-3258 (W), 206-860-3335 (F), jon.drake@noaa.gov; Robin Waples, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fishery Science Center, 2725 E. Montlake Blvd., Seattle, WA 98112, 206-860-3254 (W), 206-860-3335 (F), robin.waples@noaa.gov. Abstract: In recent years captive propagation programs have seen increasing use in attempts to alleviate short-term extinction risks to fish populations. This talk introduces a framework for a comprehensive risk/benefit analysis for captive propagation that, ideally, should be conducted before a decision is made whether to initiate a program. Categories of risks included genetic, ecological, and management risks. A variety of strategies can reduce risks, but most cannot be eliminated entirely. Benefits include short-term survival, and long-term recovery of populations. Case studies and empirical examples of captive propagation programs are drawn from to illustrate benefit/risk analysis. The examples are drawn primarily from experience with Pacific salmon, but most of the issues are also directly applicable to other freshwater and marine stock enhancement programs. [4702] Guidelines for Use of Captive Broodstocks in Recovery Efforts for ESA-listed Stocks of Pacific Salmon. Authors: Herbert A. Pollard II, National Marine Fisheries Services, Northwest Region, Sustainable Fisheries Division, Hatcheries/Inland Fisheries Branch, 10215 West Emerald Street, Boise, ID 83704, 208-378-5614 (W), 208-378-5699 (F), herbert.pollard@noaa.gov; Thomas Flagg, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division, P.O. Box 130, Manchester, WA 98353, 360-871-8301 (W), 206-842-8364 (F), tom.flagg@noaa.gov. Abstract: The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) recognizes that conservation of listed species may be facilitated by artificial means, such as captive broodstocks, while factors impeding population recovery are identified and corrected. Guidelines are presented to ensure a sound basis for implementation of captive broodstocks. Considerations must be based on overall knowledge of survival, reproductive success, and offspring fitness to accurately determine levels of risk in implementing a salmonid captive broodstock program. In general, use of captive broodstocks should be restricted to situations where the natural population is dangerously close to extinction. Proper precautions should be taken to minimize genetic impacts during the collection, mating, and rearing of captive broodstocks, as any alteration to the original genetic composition of the population in captivity may reduce the efficacy of supplementation in rebuilding the natural population. Furthermore, liberation of fish from captive broodstocks should be consistent with the known behavior of existing wild fish and based on whatever knowledge is available of the life-history characteristics of the wild fish. Because the benefits and risks have not been established through long-term monitoring and evaluation, captive broodstock development should be considered an experimental approach and used with caution. [4703] Nutritional considerations in the development of broodstock diets for captive marine species. Author: Doug Conklin, Department of Animal Science, 2201 Meyer Hall, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, 530-752?4177 (W), deconklin@ucdavis.edu. Abstract: Interest in the culture of marine fish continues to grow as aquaculturists expand their horizons looking for new high-value species to culture. As these marine culture industries progress toward economic viability, development of appropriate broodstock diets becomes a priority. This presentation provides an overview of what is known about the nutritional requirements of marine broodstock fish and why making effective dietary formulations is such a distinct challenge. Advantages of evaluating natural diets are looked at with respect to adding natural prey items as supplements. Also the impact of specific nutrients on the maturation and reproduction of adults is examined from a standpoint of establishing transitional diet formulations that can be used while more definitive nutritional requirements are being established. Interactions between the husbandry parameters such as photoperiod and temperature and feeding regimes are considered as methods to increase the efficiency of broodstock culture. The influence of maternal nutrition on embryonic development and larval viability of fish is highlighted as a means of appropriately evaluating broodstock diets. [4704] Controlling Age and Seasonal Timing of Reproduction in Cultured Pacific Salmon. Author: Penny Swanson, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 E. Montlake Blvd., Seattle, WA 98112, 206-860?3282 (W), Penny.Swanson@noaa.gov. Abstract: A number of reproductive problems have been observed in wild stocks of Pacific salmon when reared in captive broodstock programs for recovery of endangered stocks. These include: highly variable survival of embryos to the eyed stage, early age of maturation of male fish, asynchronous timing of spawning of males and females, seasonally delayed maturation of captively-reared adults compared to wild parent stocks, and poor reproductive success of captively reared adults when released into their native habitat. The degree and incidence of these problems varies considerably from year to year, and between species and stocks. Although the programs have successfully produced offspring for reintroduction to their native habitat, the persistence of these reproductive problems limits their success. In this paper examples of each of these problems and approaches that have been taken to either solve the problem or understand the underlying causes will be presented. Our research has focused on three major areas: 1) evaluating the role of growth in determining the age of maturation, fecundity, and egg size, 2) refining methods to advance and synchronize spawning time of captively-reared fish with GnRHa or photoperiod, and 3) determining the effects of rearing environment on age of maturity, seasonal timing of spawning and gamete quality. [4705] Health Management of Captive Threatened & Endangered Fish Populations. Author: J.S. Foott, USFWS, California-Nevada Fish Health Center, 24411 Coleman Hatchery Rd, Anderson CA 96007, 530-365?4271 (W), 530-365?7150 (F), scott_foott@fws.gov. Abstract: The propagation of threatened and endangered (T&E) fish poses unique challenges for standard fish health management practices such as lethal sampling of statistically valid numbers of animals. The elements of risk management and innovative testing procedures can reduce disease threats to the T&E population, rearing facility cohort populations, and receiving watershed(s). A number of non-lethal testing techniques can be employed in this effort. The inspection demands of management policies and the reality of T& E programs are often at odds with each other. Examples of the health practices employed in the Winter-run Chinook Salmon propagation and captive broodstock programs will be discussed. [4706] Health Research Applications in Captive Breeding Programs for Fish. Author: Kristen D. Arkush, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, 707-875-2062 (W), 707-875-2089 (F), kdarkush@ucdavis.edu. Abstract: Among the major threats to threatened and endangered species are habitat alteration and destruction, overharvesting, and the biotic effects of introduced competitors and predators. Threatened and endangered species may be also especially vulnerable to exposure to pathogens. Captive breeding programs can provide unique opportunities for conducting research on the effects of diseases in all life stages of fishes, including known pathogens as well as those that are novel or exotic to the threatened or endangered species. Multiple components of disease susceptibility can be evaluated, such as host genetic variation, pathogen strain differences, environmental stressors, and the combined effects of these variables. Such experimental approaches can provide valuable information for the treatment of disease outbreaks in captive breeding programs and can have broader impact on fisheries management strategies. [4707] Release of Captively Reared Adult Anadromous Salmonids For Population Maintenance and Recovery. Authors: Barry Berejikian, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division, P.O. Box 130, Manchester, WA 98353, 360-871-8301 (W), 206-842-8364 (F), barry.berejikian@noaa.gov; Thomas Flagg, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division, P.O. Box 130, Manchester, WA 98353, 360-871-8301 (W), 206-842-8364 (F), tom.flagg@noaa.gov; Paul Kline, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, 600 South Walnut Street, P.O. Box 25, Boise, ID 83707, 208-939-4114 (W); 208-939-2415 (F), pkline@idfg.state.id.us. Abstract: Five of 12 captive broodstock programs for recovery of imperiled anadromous salmonid populations reviewed include release of sexually mature adults as a component of the programs' reintroduction strategies. Releasing adults reared in captivity from the egg or fry stage provides potential biological benefits that include the opportunity for natural and sexual (mate) selection to occur on the spawning grounds - selection that is relaxed during artificial spawning. The potential for straying and domestication selection of the offspring may be reduced compared to programs that artificially spawn adults and release offspring as smolts. However, potential benefits are largely theoretically based and represent a trade-off against the greater production that would be achieved by release of F1 smolts. Empirical studies of captively-reared chinook and coho salmon under experimental conditions indicate that both species are capable of producing juvenile offspring. However, reproductive deficiencies are evident in both species and include delayed spawn timing, mate selection against captive males, and poor egg deposition. Preliminary investigations of captively-reared steelhead reproductive behavior suggest high breeding success for this species. Reproductive performance experiments that manipulate rearing parameters will help determine the ultimate potential for success of the adult release strategy. [4708] Evaluation of the Supplementation Program at Livingston Stone NFH via the Winter Chinook Carcass Survey. Authors: J.F. Flory, K. Niemela, B. Null, and R. Rickert, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Red Bluff FWO, 10950 Tyler Road, Red Bluff, CA 96080. Abstract: Since 1996 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the California Department of Fish and Game have cooperated on annual escapement surveys for winter Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the upper Sacramento River. The primary objectives of this monitoring project are: 1) to estimate the abundance of adult winter Chinook; 2) to collect information on the important life history attributes of winter Chinook; 3) to recover coded-wire tags from hatchery-origin fish; and, 4) to collect tissue samples for genetic analysis. A primary goal of this monitoring project is to provide information to evaluate the efficacy of the winter Chinook supplementation program at the Livingston Stone National Fish Hatchery in assisting recovery of this endangered species. We will present information to show that the winter Chinook propagation program has increased the number of adults returning to the upper Sacramento River without reducing the genetic variability within the winter Chinook population. We will compare life history attributes (e.g. spatial distribution, temporal distribution, age and sex composition, body size, and pre-spawn mortality rates) of adult hatchery and natural-origin winter Chinook. Genetic information and tag recovery data will be presented to show that the hatchery supplementation program is achieving the goal of increasing abundance of spawning adults while minimizing genetic and demographic risks to natural spawning fish. [4709] Genes to Oceans: Intervention in an Ecosystem Context. Author: Paul Siri, Marine Life Management Project, 123 Howard Street, Petaluma CA 94952, 707-778-6104 (W), 707-778-0211 (F), psiri@earthlink.net. Abstract: Captive broodstock programs are the most expensive fish culture activities applied to anadromous fisheries recovery. They are a high-risk lifeboat- the result of decades of management operating with poor data. Current hatchery operations, large scale socio-economic and scientific interventions created to reduce conflict and produce compromise continue to generate program and goals but lack full ecosystem context. Advances in population and aquaculture genetics created new insight and opportunities in recovery options. Just as recently developed molecular tools allowed an understanding of how to assess populations to better manage endangered and threatened populations advances in oceanographic monitoring and assessment are now providing a new context for more informed decision making. This scale of information- accounting for the largest aspect of salmonid life history- can fill the data gaps that were previously ignored in recovery activities. Further, significant large scale environmental phenomena such as decadal oscillations are now recognized as major drivers of oceanic salmonid carrying capacity. Assessing ocean productivity, ocean variability and risk to smolt survival can support captive broodstock and hatchery operations increasing the options for recovery programming and hatchery reform. |
