Tuesday April 14 - Abstracts

Session: Mexican Fisheries

[1101] State of the Basin, Rio Bravo/Rio Grande,Mexico/United States.

Authors: Dr. Salvador Contreras-Balderas. Emmeritus Professor, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. President, Bioconservación, A.C., A.P. 504, San Nicolás, N.L., México 66450. Member, Board of Directors, Coalition for Sustainable Development of the Río Bravo/Rio Grande. E-mail saconbal@axtel.net /Tel/Fax 52-8313-1641.

Abstract: The dispute over Río Grande/Río Bravo water is one hot issue along the US/México border. In 2001-02 Río Bravo/ Rio Grande ceased flowing to the Gulf of Mexico for some time. The issue is highly politicized, and full of misstatements. Little consideration has been given to important changes in average environmental parameters, up to 2001: rain reduction to 106% at El Paso, to La Amistad and Falcon, 58% to delta, higher than average the rest. Temperature 1-2ºC higher. Evaporation 125% higher. Runoff continuous reduction as time trends comparing 1940-1960 to 1990-1996: Rio Grande 20.1%, Río Conchos 37%, Pecos River 15%, Rïo Alamo 5% and Río Salado 5.4%, Río San Juan 2.7%, total to Gulf of México 0.04%. Underground water in NE México has abated above 1 m/year since 1981, extremes 500 m totals. Aquifers with unknown recharges are termed underexploited. Stored water in reservoirs of the USA area, except Amistad and Falcon in 1998 was 84% average, while Mexico was 60%. Mexico has extracted 1,252 and USA 2,631 Mm3 average. USA retains 93% of water above El Paso, and 59% of the remaining region, while México took 35%. Irrigation in US increased 0.8%, while México 23%. Indexes of water quality have gone to 69-25%. Biological indexes were down to 70-15% in LRGV between 1954 and 1996. Bio-indicators reflect these impacts: 104 brackish water fish have entered and 38 fresh water forms have receded, both more than 800 km upstream from the delta, including some extinctions, while 28 invasives are expanding. All together, these environmental changes signify reduced water availability, unsustainability, and impact negatively development at both countries and more than 12,000,000 people. Conditions summarized above make necessary to modify allocation of waters, including subsurface aquifers, based on a scheme of equity, justice, proportionality and solidarity, taking unto consideration that drought impacts both sides and that there should be no advantage to any of both countries.

[1102] Can we manage the Mexican artisanal fishery?

Authors: Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki*, Carmen Rodriguez Medrano, J. Leonardo Castillo Geniz, and Juan C. Perez Jiménez.; Presenter; CICESE, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana Ensenada, Ensenada, B. C., Mexico. Phone: +52 (646) 175 05 00, Fax: +52 (646) 175 05 45. ososa@cicese.mx

Abstract: Artisanal fisheries have been an important source of food and employment in Mexico for many years. Today, Mexican official records show that the small vessel (less than 10 m in length) fleet is composed by 99,804 units that are distributed around all the coasts of this country. This is the result of a series of governmental social programs that impelled the increment of fishing in some periods, as the program “March to the sea” in the 1970’s when fishing boats where given by the government to the public. However, in recent years a neo-liberal reform has being introduced in the government policies, reducing the government’s involvement in the social sector of the fisheries, specially the artisanal fishery. This resulted on a new structure of the fishery system, where in some fishing areas one fishing permit holder buys up more than one fishing boat concentrating the economical revenues and employing fishermen under very low conditions. This paper will review the historical and present situation of some artisanal fisheries, and will try to give some options for a possible change in the Mexican management system.

[1103] The decline of the abalone fishery in Baja California, Mexico, as related to climate variability

Authors: Daniel B. Lluch-Cota1, Germán Ponce-Díaz1, Daniel Lluch-Belda2 and Mario Ramade-Villanueva3; 1: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090. E-mail: dblluch@cibnor.mx; 2: Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR); 3: Federación Regional de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria Pesquera (FEDECOOP)

Abstract: Abalone is one of the most valuable natural resources of Mexico, and the basis for the social and economic development of most human settlements along the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. During the 1960s and early 1970s the abalone production was high and relatively stable at some 3,000 tons; however, since the mid-1970s the fishery underwent a decline to about 400 tons by 1982-83. Some recovery was observed during the late 1980s, but then a decline took place again during the early 1990s. As a result, abalone production has not reached 1,000 tons since 1979 and is currently at very low levels (some 400 tons). These trends were investigated by means of a global dynamic model which parameters were replaced by a linear function of environmental indices. The results suggest that periods of sustained warming/cooling may have played a role at driving long-term changes in abalone abundance. Particularly, the sustained warming that took place after the mid 1970s regime shift could have promoted a decline of the populations of Haliotis fulgens, a species that currently occurs at relatively deep waters and which used to account for a much larger fraction of catches than nowadays.

[1104] The recovery of the California sardine as related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Authors: Daniel B. Lluch-Cota1, Daniel Lluch-Belda2, Salvador E. Lluch-Cota1 and Sergio Hernández-Vázquez1.; 1: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090. E-mail: dblluch@cibnor.mx; 2: Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR)

Abstract: Unlike sardines of other major boundary currents, and despite the mid-1970s shift from a cold to a warm climate regime, the sardine off California did not undergo a rapid increase in abundance at that. Instead, the recovery was detected several years later, during the early 1980s. This increase is evident from 1985 onwards in the average number of sardine larvae off Southern California. We investigated this delayed response by modeling the sardine larvae abundance per occupied station of CalCOFI cruises at the Southern California Bight, using a common global dynamic model but adapted to this case. To keep the problem as simple as possible, the model was fitted to data after 1966, when the moratorium for sardine fishing was established. A new parameter was added to account for the possibility that the sardine population off Southern California is not a closed one, but that some organisms (particularly those from the southern areas off Baja California) may enter or leave. Under the implicit assumption that the number of larvae is proportional to adult abundance, the model was applied to test the potential roles of the population processes reflected by each parameter at driving the population changes. This was done step by step, replacing each parameter by a linear function of environmental indices. The results suggest that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) effects on the physical environment largely determined the recovery of the California sardine. This possible scenario implies a decreasing trend in larvae abundance during the cold period prior to the regime shift of 1975, which brought the population to very low levels. Warm conditions after the regime shift likely enhanced population growth, but the very low abundance would have resulted in high population levels only after several years of sustained growth.

[1105] Shrimp fishery bycatch in Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Authors: Salvador García-Martínez¹, Karina de la Rosa-Meza1, Mauricio Ramírez-Rodríguez², Rubén de la Rosa Pacheco²;¹ The School for Field Studies, Center for Coastal Studies; Apartado Postal 15, Puerto San Carlos BCS México 23740; sfsbajas@prodigy.net.mx; ² Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas – IPN;p ; Apdo. Postal 592, La Paz, BCS, México 23000; mramirr@ipn.mx.

Abstract: To evaluate changes in benthic communities due to the use of trawl nets in the shrimp fishery of Bahía Magdalena, during 2001 and 2002, samples of commercial catch composition were collected with the trawl gear called “Magdalena I”. Average proportion between bycatch and shrimp was 4.7:1. In the bycatch there were found 52 species; 38 of them were present in both years. Values of the Margulis diversity index were estimated. During 2002 there was a higher number of organisms and the weight of bycatch was significantly different. Bycatch levels were considerably higher than the shrimp harvest obtained. Results suggest the necessity of new trawl designs to reduce bycatch.

[1106] The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery of the Gulf of California, Mexico

Authors: Manuel O. Nevárez Martínez1,2, Ma. De los A. Martínez Zavala1, J. P. Santos Molina, C. Cervantes Valle1, J. López Martínez2, D. B. Lluch Cota, F. J. Méndez Tenorio1 and M. L. Anguiano Carrasco; 1Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera Guaymas. Calle 20 Sur No. 605 Col. La Cantera, Guaymas, Sonora, 85400, México; e-mail: nevarez@gys.megared.net.mx, mnevarez@cibnor.mx.; 2Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C. Unidad Guaymas. Km 2.5 Carretera a Las Tinajas, Col. Las Tinajas. Guaymas, Sonora. 85450, México.

Abstract: The sardine fishery of the Gulf of California began in 1969 and while the jumbo squid fishery beginning in 1994. Both fisheries provide important sources of fish products, economic activity and employment, but also have shown as characteristic feature a high interannual variability in the catch. The management of these fishing resources demands an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the availability of these resources. Detailed biological, capture and effort data, and also environmental data, have been gathered and realized some prospecting cruises with the purpose of having estimates of distribution and abundance of this species in the Gulf of California. The results of the historical analysis have indicated that the distribution and abundance, in both species, has been increased and fallen (fallen and increased) in a significant way. The spatial distribution enlarged when the abundance increased and it was restricted when the abundance was low, in both species. For sardine was found that the relationship among the catch, abundance and recruitment and some environmental variables was non-linear, in dome form. In the case of the jumbo squid was found that the abundance of the squid had an inverse relationship not significant with the temperature, however the abundance present a significant direct relationship with the sardine catch; this specie is an important component of the diet of squid in the Gulf.

[1107] Collapse of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaus duorarum fishery in the Gulf of Mexico: a simulation model.

Authors: M. Ramírez-Rodríguez and F. Arreguín-Sánchez; CICIMAR – IPN; P.O. Box 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México 23080; Tel. +52-612-1225344; Fax +52-612-1225322; mramirr@ipn.mx.

Abstract: The production of the pink shrimp fishery Farfantepenaus duorarum in Campeche Sound, southern Gulf of Mexico, shows a decrease from 21,000 t in 1973 to less than 3,000 t in 2001. Since 1994 the Mexican Government has used seasonal closures to protect growth, recruitment, and reproduction, but catch has not recovered. To determine the possible impact of those closures, we developed a simulation model that considers interrelations among the characteristics of the dynamics of the resource, the fishing effort, and the environment. The results show the collapse of the fishery is associated with the marked decrease of recruitment and high exploitation rates. These changes are related to modifications in the stock age structure and in the recruitment patterns, influenced by probable variations of catchability and the environment of each of the two generations per year where the Beverton and Holt stock-recruitment model was used. Simulation suggests the importance of environmental conditions on recruitment abundance and the necessity of revising management regulations related to the artisanal fishery and the maintenance of nursery areas. Although current fishing intensity is decreasing, it is not likely there will be a change, over the short term, of the decrease in catch.

[1109] Genetic Diversity in Native and Introduced Mexican Trout Species

Authors: Anna George, Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Ave. St. Louis, MO 63103, U.S.A., 314-977-3935, georgeal@slu.edu; Kevin Sage, USGS-BRD, Alaska Biological Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A.; Rick Mayden, Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.; Bernard Kuhajda, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.A.; Dean Hendrickson - Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A.; Héctor Espinosa - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F., México; Lloyd Findley - Unidad Guaymas, Sonora, México ; Joe Tomelleri, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A., joe@americanfishes.com; Jennifer Nielsen, USGS-BRD, Alaska Biological Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., Francisco García de León - Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México; Gorgonio Ruiz Campos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California Norte, México, Faustino Camarena, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California Norte, México

Abstract: Though biologists have been aware of the existence of Mexican trout for over a century, little devoted taxonomic attention has been given to these native Onchorhynchus. Recent concerted collecting efforts by Mexican and US ichthyologists have revealed significant morphological diversity, in addition to the well-known Mexican golden trout (Onchorhynchus chrysogaster), of other native trout populations from the Rios Yaqui and Casas Grandes in the north to the Rios Presidio and San Lorenzo in the south. These populations are now threatened due to water shortages, habitat destruction, and competition from or hybridization with escaped hatchery fish. The current study is an initial effort to assess the genetic diversity of these native trout populations and species, as well as examining potential genetic interactions between the native and hatchery fish. We analyzed data from 11 microsatellite loci to examine genetic structure and diversity within these populations. All populations of Mexican trout analyzed show very high allelic diversity. Allelic differences between native Onchorhynchus ‘mykiss” populations and O. chrysogaster is indicative of separate evolutionary status. Further study of these populations holds strong potential for resolving many questions about the zoogeographic history of the region, as well as for identifying undescribed diversity in these enigmatic salmonids.

[1110] The dolphinfish fishery in the northwest of Mexico

Authors: Sofía Ortega-García1, Felipe Galván-Magaña1, Rubén Rodríguez-Sánchez1, Rodolfo Beltrán-Pimienta2 ,Alexander Klett-Traulsen3; 1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas – Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N; Apartado Postal 592. Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita. La Paz, B.C.S. 23000. México; COFAA recipient.e-mail: sortega@redipn.ipn.mx. 3.INP. CRIP, Mazatlán. Sábalo-Cerritos s/n. Mazatlán Sin . 2 INP. CRIP, La Paz, B.C.S, México

Abstract: In the northwest of México, dolphinfish is caught by sport and artisanal along the coast and its catches are recorded like incidental in purse-seine tuna and longline fisheries.Thought officially is reserved for sport fishing within 50 nautical miles of the coast, the flavor and quality of its meat makes it important as species of regional consumption. Therefore artisanal fishing tries to cover its demand in domestic market. The artisanal fisheries usually catch dolphinfish associated with natural floating objects or fish aggregating devices, which fisherman called “muertos”. In Sinaloa coast, Los Cabos area and in the west coast of Baja California Sur, its catches shown seasonal variability, they are highest at the end of summer and during fall. The importance the dolphinfish has for both sport and artisanal fishing in Mexico contrasts with the poor knowledge of the resource. The Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR) with collaboration of Instituto Nacional de Pesca started a research project of this specie. Biological samples from of the main catch sites, Cabo San Lucas, Los Barriles and Punta Lobos in Baja California Sur and in Mazatlan Sinaloa has been taken. We present preliminary result of fishing operations, length structure, catch rates and the relationship with environmental conditions.

Session: Large-scale Wild Fish Tagging and Marking Projects

[1201] Mission Impossible? Tagging 200,000 wild juvenile fall chinook on the Hanford Reach

Author: Jeffrey K. Fryer-presenter, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 729 NE Oregon, Portland, OR 97232, 503-731-1266 (W), 503-235-4228 (fax), fryj@critfc.org.

Abstract: Since 1987, Pacific Northwest fisheries agencies have cooperated in a project to annually coded wire tag 200,000 wild Columbia River fall chinook salmon smolt on the Hanford Reach, making it probably the largest wild fish tagging program in the world. Running this program on a large river in a remote location can be a logistical nightmare, and presents unique challenges. The fish are captured over 12 days with seines, adipose clipped and tagged in a tagging trailer, and released. A similar program is carried out on fall chinook salmon at the adjacent Priest Rapids Hatchery. The Hanford Reach stock is the last healthy wild salmon stock in the Columbia Basin and both the Hanford and Priest Rapids Hatchery stocks contribute heavily to fisheries off the Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington coasts, as well as to in-river fisheries. The Hanford project has met its goal of tagging 200,000 fish in 8 out of 16 years. Project success is strongly correlated with low flows and high spawner abundance. Other factors such as power ramping, fish size, and project timing are also likely important. Lessons learned have resulted in the project continually evolving, with more changes planned for 2003.

[1202] Butte Creek Spring-run Chinook salmon Life History Investigation

Author: Tracy McReynolds, California Department of Fish and Game, 2545 Zanella Wy. Suite F, Chico, CA 95928, (530) 895-5111 (W), (530) 895-5031 (fax), tmcreynolds@dfg.ca.gov.

Abstract: Butte Creek, located in the northern Central Valley of California near Chico, harbors the largest of the three remaining populations of the state and federally listed spring-run Chinook salmon. The Butte Creek research project was begun in 1995 to develop baseline life history information to guide restoration and long-term management. The project is currently co-funded by CALFED grant (Project # 01-N49), Sportfish Restoration Act (Project #19), and the California Department of Fish and Game. The project has captured and examined 1,867,520 juvenile spring-run since 1995 at a trapping site near Chico, of which 510,160 have been coded-wire-tagged (CWT). Marking a minimum of 100,000 juvenile salmon annually is dependant on many variables such as adult population size, spawning success, and water conditions. Annual productivity has ranged from a low of 449 marked juveniles in the 1996/1997 seasons and a high of 166,570 in 2000/2001. Recovered CWT information is used for growth, residence timing, ocean contribution, and cohort analysis. To date, data on the 1998 cohort is complete. Recoveries of Butte Creek coded-wire-tagged adults for brood year 1998 show a 52% inland escapement and 48% ocean sport/commercial catch. Age structure for brood year 1998 inland escapement was 89% age-3, 11% age-4, with ocean catch 22% age-3, 68% age-4 and 10% age-5.

[1203] Monitoring Wild Coho Salmon Production, Survival and Harvest via Trapping and Coded Wire Tagging

Authors: Dave Seiler-presenter, Steve Neuhauser, Pat Hanratty, Pete Topping, Mike Ackley and Greg Volkhardt. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, MS-43135, 600 Capital Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091. seiledes@dfw.wa.gov.

Abstract: In 1975 the Washington Department of Fisheries began assessing wild coho salmon production and survival through a program of annually trapping smolts and returning adults. Captured coho smolts are coded wire tagged (CWT) to measure harvest distribution, harvest and escapement rates, and marine survival. In addition, in some large systems, smolt production is estimated at the stock/watershed level via mark and recapture techniques involving CWTs. Combined, this state and tribal stock assessment program has tagged around 200,000 wild coho each year for a total of 5.5 million over 28 years. Results are annually used to forecast run sizes on a watershed basis, assess stock performance and track health of freshwater and marine ecosystems for coho production.

General protocols for trapping, handling, holding and tagging coho smolts have been developed as well as adaptations in response to site-specific conditions. Directed research has estimated the combined effects of trapping, handling, anesthetizing, and tagging coho smolts on survival to adult recruitment at 16%. To account for this bias, we reduce our tag groups by this rate and for tag loss, which averages 3%.

[1204] Application of mark-recapture and radio telemetry techniques to estimate the abundance and spawning distribution of sockeye salmon in the Alsek River.

Authors: K.A. Jensen-presenter, ADF&G Commercial Fisheries, PO Box 240020, Douglas, AK, 99824, 907-465-4223(W), 907-465-4944(F), Kathleen_Jensen@fishgame.state.ak.us; B. Waugh, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Range Road, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada Y1A 3V1, 867-393-6764(W) 867-393-6738(F);WaughB@PAC.DFO-MPO.GC.CA; P. Etherton, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Range Road, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada Y1A 3V1. , 867-393-6726(W), 867-393-6738(F), EthertonP@PAC.DFO-MPO.GC.CA.

Abstract: We used mark-recapture and radio telemetry methods to estimate the abundance and distribution of sockeye salmon returning to the Alsek River in Canada and Alaska. Fish were captured with set gillnets in the lower Alsek River in 2001 and 2002 and healthy fish were marked with numbered spaghetti tags. Radio tags were applied to a subset of approximately 300 fish each year. Stationary receivers recorded passage at seven upstream sites and telemetry tracking flights were flown biweekly to determine the final spawning location of radio tagged fish. Most random sampling for tags occurred in the Klukshu River, which was presumed to contribute 33% to 67% of the entire Alsek River run. The modified Peterson population estimate in 2001was 36,017 fish (90% CI = 29,491 to 43,971), with the Klukshu River contributing 27% of the run. In 2002, the estimate was 82,659 fish (90% CI = 69,878 to 97,760), with the Klukshu River contributing 31% of the run. Radio telemetry indicated that Village Creek contributed 12% and 5%, Blanchard River 10% and 14%, mainstem Tatshenshini River 30% and 34%, and the mainstem Alsek River 24% and 14% of the total Alsek River run in 2001 and 2002, respectively.

[1205] Mark and Recapture Estimation of Chum Salmon Using Fish Wheels on the Yukon River, Alaska.

Authors: Tevis Underwood-presenter, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Office, 101 12th Ave., Room 222, Fairbanks AK 99701 (907) 456-0219 Tevis_underwood@fws.gov; Jeff Bromaghin, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fisheries and Habitat Conservation, 1011 Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503 (907) 786-3559 Jeffrey_bromaghin@fws.gov; Chrissy Apodaca, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Office, 101 12th Ave., Room 222, Fairbanks AK 99701 (907) 456-0219 Chrissy_Apodaca@fws.gov.

Abstract: A mark and recapture experiment on fall chum salmon in the Yukon River was initiated in 1996 and has run since that time. Fish wheels provided a method of capturing fish and from 4,222 to 18,631 tags were deployed yearly. The Darroch estimator via the Salmon Population Analysis System (SPAS) computer software was used to generate estimates. The project has reported estimates to managers on a weekly and seasonal basis for every run except in the year 2000 when only a partial season was completed. Estimates of seasonal abundance have ranged from 189,724 to 652,269 among the years. Coefficients of variation of the abundance estimate have ranged from 0.02 to 0.06. The data has been analyzed extensively for selective sampling base on size or gender characteristics of the population, but no significant selectivity has been found. We have found that the project has gained credibility with the public through time and has been useful to managers. We are currently working toward understanding the handling effects on fish and are moving to reduce handling and holding through management of the fish wheels and by using video to affect the recovery of tags.

[1206] Declining Mark-Rates Upriver From The Rampart, Alaska Mark-Recapture Study Site

Authors: Jeff Bromaghin-presenter, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fisheries and Habitat Conservation, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503, 907-786-3559, jeffrey_bromaghin@fws.gov; Tevis Underwood, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, 101 12th Ave., Room 222, Fairbanks, AK 99701, (907) 456-0219, tevis_underwood@fws.gov; Chrissy Apodaca, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, 101 12th Ave., Room 222, Fairbanks, AK 99701, 907-456-0219, chrissy_apodaca@fws.gov.

Abstract: The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has operated a mark-recapture project for fall chum salmon in the Yukon River near Rampart, AK annually since 1996. Fish are captured and tagged in fish wheels 52 km downriver of Rampart and are recaptured in fish wheels near Rampart. Mark-rates at upriver locations have consistently been less than at the project recapture site. Decreased mark-rates could be caused by one or more violations of mark-recapture model assumptions or the elevated mortality of marked fish. Either of these possibilities is of concern; mark-recapture estimates are important to fishery management, and mortality is obviously undesirable. We summarize existing information regarding possible causes of this phenomenon and future study plans.

[1207] Distribution and catch rates of Hanford Reach fall chinook as determined by coded wire tag recoveries.

Authors: Rishi Sharma-presenter, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 729 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR 97232, 503-731-1390 (W), 503-235-4228 (fax), shar@critfc.org; Jeff Fryer, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 729 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR 97232, 503-731-1266 (W), 503-235-4228 (fax), fryj@critfc.org.

Abstract: Since 1987, up to 200,000 wild Columbia River fall chinook have been coded wire tagged annually on the Hanford Reach. An additional 200,000 fall chinook are tagged annually at the Priest Rapids Hatchery. The Hanford Reach stock is the last healthy wild salmon stock in the Columbia Basin and both the Hanford and Priest Rapids Hatchery stocks contribute heavily to fisheries off the Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington coasts, as well as to in-river fisheries. The two long-term tagging programs offer the unique opportunity to compare the ocean distribution, harvest rates, and stray rates of the two stocks. We analyzed recovery data on Hanford and Priest Rapids Upriver Bright tag codes by fishery and age strata using a likelihood based technique. Uncertainty in the estimates using a binomial model versus a log-normal likelihood model were compared and predictive capabilities of the two were tested using a hind-casting method. The log-normal likelihood model performed better in most cases as far as predictive capabilities were concerned. We further developed a Generalized Linear Model using ocean survival as an additional covariate, and we tested for differences in stock distributions using this model. Confounding parameter uncertainty is displayed using likelihood profiles for the parameters used in the Generalized Model. Finally, the effect of using binomial model assumptions on analyzing Coded Wire Tag (CWT) data in the coast-wide database for salmon management is discussed.

[1208] PIT Tagging of juvenile salmon in the Lake Washington basin

Authors: P. DeVries – Presenter. R2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 15250 NE 95th Street, Redmond WA 98052, 425-556-1288(W), 425-556-1290 (F), pdevries@r2usa.com; F. Goetz, USACE Seattle District, P.O. Box 3755, Seattle WA 98124, 206-764-3515 (W), 206-764-4470 (F), Frederick.A.Goetz@NWS02.usace.army.mil; K. Fresh, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle WA 98112, 206-860-6793 (W), 206-860-3267 (F), kurt.fresh@noaa.gov; D. Seiler, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, MS-43135, 600 Capitol Way N, Olympia WA 98501-1091, 360-902-2784 (W) 206-902-2980 (F), seiledes@dfw.wa.gov; C. Ebel, USACE Seattle District, P.O. Box 3755, Seattle WA 98124, 206-764-3636(W), 206-764-4470 (F), Charles.J.Ebel@nws02.usace.army.mil.

Abstract: Natural and hatchery-origin chinook, coho, and sockeye salmon juveniles were tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags in 2000, 2001, and 2002 throughout the 1,600 km2 Lake Washington basin to evaluate survival and migration characteristics in the system, and passage at the Hiram Chittenden Locks which present a sharp, artificial interface between fresh and salt water. Smolt flumes and devices were installed at the Locks to detect PIT tagged fish as they exited the system, and sampling was also conducted upstream. The results of three years of study have provided unique insights into: seasonal, lunar, and diurnal migration timing; migration rates; survival along different segments of the migration route; passage behavior at the Locks, including repeat cycling through saltwater and freshwater, residualism in the lake, estuarine behavior, shoreline affinity, influence of water temperature in the Ship Canal on migration, and identification of beneficial changes in Locks operations and structures that balance fish survival and health with water needs.

[1209] Straying and survival of hatchery fall chinook in the Central Valley: findings from 20 years of CWT studies

Authors: Steven P. Cramer; S.P. Cramer & Associates, Inc; 300 SE Arrow Creek Lane; Gresham,OR 97080; (503) 826-9858; spcramer@teleport.com.

Abstract: Release and recovery of coded-wire tagged (CWT) fall chinook from Central Valley hatcheries has continued for more than 20 years, and provides a rich database for estimating change over time in rates of straying, survival, harvest, and age at maturity. We assembled recovery data for CWTs to track the fate of all CWT groups released from Coleman (CNFH) and Feather River (FRH) hatcheries since tagging began in the late 1970s. We used cohort analysis to estimate the proportion of fish that survived and strayed from each CWT group. CWT groups from FRH released in the estuary survived at roughly double the rate of fish released at the hatchery, but straying of fish released into the estuary averaged about 40% across years, compared to about 10% for fish released in the Feather River. Straying of fish released from CNFH averaged near 20% for those released in the hatchery, 10% for those released near Red Bluff, and 45% for those released in the estuary. However, these rates varied over 10-fold between years. Straying of releases from Feather River declined from over 90% for the 1978 brood to under 5% for the 1994-96 broods. The decline coincided with the steady decline in the proportion of natural spawners in the Sacramento Basin that used the main stem. We estimated that total number of strays with clipped adipose fins (Ad clips) that spawned below Red Bluff Diversion Dam dropped from over 1,000 per year during 1979-1983 to less than 100 per year during 1991-1994. In contrast, total numbers of Ad-clipped fish passing Red Bluff Dam sharply increased in the 1990’s. Evidence for possible causes of reduced straying will be described.

Session: Klamath River Fish Kill

[1301] Yurok perspective regarding Klamath Basin water management

Authors: Susan Masten, Chairperson; Yurok Tribe; P.O. Box 1027; 190 Klamath Boulevard; Klamath, CA 95548; 707-482-1350

Abstract: Yurok People have depended upon the fisheries resources of the Klamath Basin since the beginning of time to meet our cultural, subsistence, and economic needs. For many years our people struggled to have our federally reserved fishing right acknowledged; in fact I spoke at a WAFS conference in the late 1980’s regarding this struggle. Since our fishing right was acknowledged in 1993, a new struggle has arisen; to ensure that our associated senior water right is met so that we have a meaningful fishery. This struggle has united many of the groups that used to be in conflict regarding fish allocation issues, as we will all benefit from recovered fish populations. The fish kill that happened within our reservation boundaries last fall was devastating to our people. This tragedy was a reflection of the Bureau of Reclamation’s determination to operate the Klamath Project to give full deliveries of water to agriculture, regardless of the ramifications to the Klamath Basin ecosystem. Such management is a blatant disregard for the Federal Government’s Tribal trust responsibility and our senior water right, a right that has been clarified by the Department of Interior’s own solicitors and the courts.

[1302] Klamath Basin Water Management Overview

Authors: Ronnie M. Pierce; Klamath Inter-Tribal Fisheries Commission; 1111 Forson Road; McKinleyville, CA 95519; (707) 839-3637; segep@aol.com.

Abstract: An overview of how Klamath Basin annual water management works, with the emphasis on mainstem flow, including the basic plumbing and the process. Plus a review of recent year’s management, legal, and statutory actions highlighting the events that led to current management issues.

[1303] Analysis of Contributing Factors Leading to the September 2002 Klamath River Fish Kill

Authors: Stephen M. Turek (Oral Presenter); Senior Environmental Scientist; California Department of Fish and Game; 601 Locust Street; Redding, California 96001; Phone: (530) 225-2280; Fax: (530) 225-2381; Email: sturek@dfg.ca.gov; Michael Rode; Staff Environmental Scientist; California Department of Fish and Game; 3 North Old Stage Road; Mt. Shasta, California 96067; Phone: (530) 926-4404; Fax: (530) 926-5683; Email: mrode@dfg.ca.gov; William T. Cox, Ph.D.; Senior Fish Pathologist; Statewide Fish Health Coordinator; California Department of Fish and Game; 211 Nimbus Road; Rancho Cordova, California 95670; Phone: (916) 358-2827; Fax: (916) 358-2825; Email: wtcox@dfg.ca.gov.

Abstract: During late September, 2002, a minimum of 33,000 adult salmon, steelhead trout and other fish species were killed in the lower Klamath River. This kill is considered highly significant because approximately 25 percent of the projected 2002 total in-river run of Klamath/Trinity River fall Chinook salmon were killed prior to spawning. Of the fish killed, DFG estimates that 95.2 % were fall Chinook salmon, 0.5 % coho salmon and 4.3 % steelhead trout. The DFG estimates that 68 % of the Chinook salmon and 53% of the steelhead killed were naturally spawned fish. The pathological cause of death for adult Chinook and coho salmon and steelhead was disease from the ciliated protozoan Ichthyopthirius multifilis (ICH) and the bacterial pathogen Flavobacter columnare (columnaris). Both pathogens occur naturally in aquatic systems worldwide, including the Klamath River. Potential factors that could have led to the 2002 fish kill, including fall Chinook salmon run size and timing, ambient atmospheric conditions and in-river environmental conditions, were examined against other low flow years when fish kills have not occurred. The DFG concludes that low flows and other flow related factors (e.g. fish passage and fish density) caused the 2002 fish kill on the lower Klamath River. Furthermore, of the conditions that can cause or exacerbate a fish kill, flow is the only factor that can be controlled to any degree. Flow is regulated by upstream reservoirs controlled by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation on both the Klamath and Trinity rivers. There is a substantial risk for future fish kills on the Klamath River, considering that pathogens are always present, temperatures are normally at levels that can cause disease, and under the 2002 BO flow prescription, a moderate sized run of salmon and steelhead can generate high enough densities in the lower Klamath River to result in a major fish kill.

[1304] The 2002 Klamath River fish die off: preliminary evaluation of the extent of mortality and associated environmental factors

Authors: George Guillen; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 1655 Heindon Rd; Arcata, CA 95521; george.guillen@fws.gov.

Abstract: During September 2002, large numbers of dead fish were observed in the lower portion of the Klamath River, California. The incident was first reported on September 18, 2002 and extended through at least October 1, 2002. Multi-agency survey crews were deployed to document the extent, numbers and composition of dead fish. Preliminary conservative estimates indicate that >33,000 fish died during this event. The composition of the dead fish included chinook (>92%), coho, steelhead, Klamath smallmouth sucker, speckled dace, green sturgeon, coastal cutthroat and sculpin. The adult stages of each species were primarily affected. The majority of chinook were adults and 2 year old fish. It is estimated that less than 30% of the observed dead chinook were of hatchery origin. Approximately equal proportions of the hatchery component originated from the Klamath and Trinity River hatcheries. Various species of fish appeared to be relatively unaffected including American shad, juvenile stages of salmonids, and smaller fish including dace. The immediate factors responsible for this die off was the parasite ich or white spot disease (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) and columnaris or gill rot (Flexibacter columnaris). Both of these pathogens although present in ambient water, exhibit density dependent life history characteristics. In general, higher concentrations of host fish accelerate the transmission of the pathogen. In addition, environmental factors such as elevated temperatures (>17C) accelerate the transmission of this disease and can render host salmonids more susceptible. Various candidate-contributing factors were evaluated including low summer flows, meteorology, toxic substances, reduced habitat, increased fish density and impaired water quality. In order to evaluate the association of these factors and the event, we compared recent and historical water quality, hydrology, and in-river escapement with conditions present during the event. During the event daily average and maximum water temperatures in the vicinity of the die off was consistently above 18C and 19C for several weeks preceding the event. Minimum daily dissolved oxygen levels never dropped below 6.0 mg/l for the same time period. Limited analysis of selected pollutants did not reveal any contaminant above toxic thresholds. During 2002, the estimated in-river escapement of chinook salmon was higher than usual for the given flow regime on record. Results of these analyses and others are presented along with a discussion of the potential relationship of these various factors and the observed mortality.

[1305] Limnology of the Klamath River

Authors: Dr. Michael L. Deas; Watercourse Engineering, Inc.; 1732 Jefferson Street, Suite 7; Napa, CA 94559; (707) 265-6560; mike.deas@watercourseinc.com.

Abstract: The Klamath River originates east of the Cascade mountain range in southern Oregon and flows roughly westward for over 300 miles to the Pacific Ocean. Water quality varies throughout the basin in response to geology, topography, hydrology/meteorology, and water resources development. The primary headwater boundary condition for the mainstem Klamath River are releases from Upper Klamath Lake (RM 255): a large, shallow, hyper-eutrophic lake that has been modified to increase storage, regulate irrigation releases, and meet downstream river flows. Additionally, the existence and operation of four mainstem reservoirs limits the assimilative capacity of the river. Iron Gate Reservoir (RM 190) is the terminal reservoir, forming a barrier to anadromous fish migration. The downstream river reaches experience warm temperatures during summer and early fall months with mean daily water temperatures to 25°C. The eutrophic nature of the stream leads to extensive benthic algae growth in certain reaches that diurnally affect dissolved oxygen, pH, and unionized ammonia concentrations. Generally water quality conditions improve downstream of Iron Gate Dam due to assimilative capacity of the stream and dilution from tributaries. Nonetheless, there are periods that present adverse flow and water quality conditions to both juvenile and adult salmonids throughout much of the free flowing reach.

[1306] Technical Assessment Approach for Instream Flows in the Lower Klamath River

Authors: Dr. Thomas B. Hardy; Institute for Natural Systems Engineering; Utah Water Research Laboratory; Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-8200; Phone: (435) 797-2824; Fax: (435) 797-8038; hardy@inse.usu.edu.

Abstract: The assessment of instream flow needs for fish in the Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam were evaluated using state-of-the-art field collection strategies, hydraulic and habitat modeling, and integration of flow time series and water quality data. This paper presents the approach taken for habitat mapping, study site selection, and delineation of the three-dimensional river topography using aerial photogrammetry and hydro-acoustic bottom mapping. The approach taken for the hydraulic modeling of each site using two-dimensional hydraulic modeling is then examined. The integration of site-specific habitat suitability criteria and development of species and life stage specific habitat modeling that incorporates such factors as variable cover value and distance to cover is then elucidated in light of the iterative process to develop the species and life stage specific habitat models utilized. Validation of the habitat modeling using study site specific fish observation data is presented. Finally, the integration of flow time series, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen to develop flow recommendations based on water year forecasts are presented. This approach permits adjustment of flow requirements as water available becomes better known within a given year and ensures both inter- and intra-annual variable of the flow regime within the lower Klamath River.

[1307] Coping with competition: the economics of managing water in the Klamath Basin

Authors: Ernie Niemi.* ECONorthwest, 99 W. 10th, Eugene, Oregon 97401 Phone: 541-687-0051. Fax: 541-344-0562. Email: niemi@eugene.econw.com.; Anne Fifield. ECONorthwest. Email: fifield@eugene.econw.com.; Ed Whitelaw. ECONorthwest, and University of Oregon. Email: whitelaw@eugene.econw.com;

Abstract: Recent events in the Klamath Basin have generated intense political controversy over water management throughout the West. In 2001, farmers were denied use of water for irrigation; in 2002, they obtained water, but lower streamflows were linked to the subsequent death of more than 30,000 mature salmon. Many have concluded that these events were unexpected and attributable to misguided scientists and the Endangered Species Act. Our analysis, however, shows that they were the outgrowth of powerful pressures to shift water from irrigation to other, more valuable uses. The economic value of irrigation has diminished markedly, while the values of alternative uses have increased, making the irrigation system’s inefficiencies less tolerable. Relevent data show that the overall economy would benefit from reducing irrigation and increasing streamflows, though some farmers would not. Those interested in resolving the conflict in the Basin have several options. Many entail leaving the competing interests to slug it out in a winner-take-all contest. There are, however, some win-win opportunities. These entail promoting (a) sustainable practices by agricultural and other water users, and (b) the use of market mechanisms to shift resources from low- to high-value uses.

[1308] Klamath Resource Information System (KRIS) provides a shared knowledge base and platform for adaptive management

Authors: Patrick Higgins, Jan Derksen, Ph.D, William Kier, Gary Reedy, Paul Trichilo, Ph.D; Kier Associates, Institute for Fisheries Resources KRIS Project; 791 Eighth Street, Suite N; Arcata, CA 95521; (707) 822-9428

Abstract: The Klamath Resource Information System [KRIS] is a custom software program designed originally to support the evaluation and management of fisheries and water quality data in the Klamath and Trinity River basins. KRIS integrates datasets, charts, photographs, and bibliographic resources into a free Windows-compatible database. KRIS projects also include parallel Arc View electronic mapping projects to aid analysis. KRIS staff worked cooperatively with agencies, tribes and non-governmental organizations to capture relevant information into KRIS Klamath River version 1.0, which was completed in February 1998. Version 2.0 followed in April 2001 and the Trinity County Resource Conservation District is currently facilitating the updating of KRIS for the Trinity River Restoration Program. This version 3.0 will be produced by June 2003 and will include information on the September 2002 fish kill and various on-going fisheries and watershed programs. KRIS program updating will be accomplished through training agency and tribal personnel to build KRIS content themselves, which can be relayed to the RCD via email attached files. The entire content of KRIS is available now, not only on CD, but also on the Internet due to advancements in the KRIS software program. KRIS provides a shared knowledge base for the on-going Klamath and Trinity rivers restoration programs, and an ideal mechanism for coordination and adaptive management.

[1309] Participation in hydro relicensing as a tool for turthering NOAA fisheries mission.

Author: S.A. Edmondson?Presenter, NOAA Fisheries, Habitat, Conservation Division, 777 Sonoma Ave. RM 325. Santa Rosa, CA 95404, 707-575-6080(W), 707-578-3435(F), steve.edmondson@noaa.gov.

Abstract: The PacifiCorp’s license for the Klamath Project (Project) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) #2082, consisting of six dams and two associated facilities will expire in 2006. The Project is located on the Klamath River, south-central Oregon, and Siskiyou County, north-central California. Project water is stored primarily in Upper Klamath Lake in the headwaters of the Klamath River Basin. Project facilities are located upstream of Iron Gate Dam (IGD), owned and operated by PacifiCorp, which is currently a barrier to anadromous salmonid migrations in the mainstem Klamath River. The development of dams in this location of the Klamath River began with Klamathon Dam prior to 1900. Copco No. 1 dam was completed in 1918, and by 1921 Link River Dam was constructed to supply water for irrigated agriculture and wildlife refuges, and to supply power. The construction of Copco No. 2 dam was completed in 1925, supplying more hydroelectric power. Due to high fluctuations in flow releases from Copco, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries recommended an “equalizing dam” be constructed below Copco No. 2 dam to stabilize flows. IGD construction was completed in 1962 and is located at approximately river mile 190. A minimum flow regime was prescribed in the current FERC license. Within the Klamath River Basin, an estimated 20 percent of historical coho salmon habitat is no longer available (November 25, 1997; 62 FR 62741). This undoubtably decreased the production capacity of the basin. In addition to blocking migrations to and from the ocean, Project dams block the natural movements of juveniles from historic rearing habitat. Anadromous production within the Klamath River has been in general decline throughout the 20th century. The Long Range Plan for the Klamath River Basin Conservation Area Fishery Restoration Program (Long Range Plan) clearly identifies the lack of passage through and beyond the Project Area as a significant impact to the Klamath River anadromous fishery. Significant and un-utilized anadromous habitat exists upstream of IGR. The current and potential quality and quantity of anadromous habitat upstream of IGD is unknown. Existing dams prevent access to historically productive low-gradient wetland habitat in the Upper Klamath Basin. Summer steelhead and spring Chinook are largely extirpated from their historical range in the upper mid-Klamath region and associated tributaries. IGD and Copco Dam prevent access to cold-water spring habitat in the Klamath River, located in the reach between JC Boyle Dam and the upper end of Copco Reservoir, which would function as suitable summer holding habitat to sustain these fish in the upper Klamath system. Sections 18 and 10(j) of the Federal Power Act (FPA) assign to NOAA Fisheries broad, and in the case of section 18, mandatory authorities for protecting fish. Consequently, the FPA provides a powerful vehicle for achieving fishery management and species recovery goals by reintroducing viable fish runs to historic habitat; enhancing existing runs through habitat improvements within a river basin; and the timely and safe passage of fish around hydropower projects. Because of the unprecedented number of relicensings in California, FERC’s shift to the collaborative process, and growing interest in decommissioning, NOAA Fisheries faces a unique opportunity to apply our FPA conditioning authorities more comprehensively. By affording fish access to viable habitats denied for decades a realizable potential exists to restore fish to their historic range where dams have reduced or extirpated salmonid stocks. Further, by improving flows and other key habitat components NOAA Fisheries can increase utilization of the remaining important key coldwater habitat necessary for the stabilization and recovery of many stocks of wild salmonids.

[1310] Litigation over flows in the Klamath River

Authors: Kristen L. Boyles; Staff Attorney; Earthjustice; 705 Second Ave., Suite 203; Seattle, WA 98104; (206) 343-7340 x33; kboyles@earthjustice.org.

Abstract: Representing commercial fishermen, regional and national environmental groups, and recently Congressman Mike Thompson, Earthjustice has filed lawsuits under the Endangered Species Act and other environmental laws challenging federal actions in the Klamath Basin over the last five years. Recent litigation has focused on in-stream flow needs for threatened coho salmon. In 2001, the National Marine Fisheries Service found that the Bureau of Reclamation’s Klamath Project operations put coho at risk of extinction, and delivery of irrigation water was curtailed. In 2002, the Bureau embarked on a 10-year operations plan that again significantly reduced in-stream flow levels. An emergency federal court challenge was unsuccessful, but prompted the Bureau to provide higher in-stream flows for a short period. During the summer of 2002, the flows released by the Bureau declined as more water was diverted upstream. In late September, the low flows due to water diversions killed over 33,000 returning adult salmon in the Klamath. Ongoing litigation challenges NMFS’ failure to protect coho in Klamath River in two major ways. First, while NMFS identifies in-stream flows that it believes are necessary to prevent jeopardy, it does not require the Bureau to meet those flows. Second, the flows identified by NMFS as necessary are not protective enough.

[1311] Trinity River flows, politics and relationship to the Klamath fish kill

Authors: Tom Stokely, Principal Planner; Trinity County Planning Department; Natural Resources Division; P.O. Box 156; Hayfork, CA 96041-0156; 530-628-5949(v); FAX 628-5800; E-mail: tstokely@trinityalps.net or tstokely@trinitycounty.org.

Abstract: The Klamath Fish Kill of September 2002 was a complete failure of the so-called “Adaptive Management” approach to salmon and steelhead restoration prescribed in the Trinity River Record of Decision of December 19, 2000 (Trinity ROD). Litigation by the Westlands Water District, the Sacramento Municipal Utilities District and the Northern California Power Agency halting implementation of the Trinity ROD resulted in both an excuse and inability and by the Interior Department to provide additional flows from the Trinity River Division of the Central Valley Project (CVP) to abate the fish kill, despite requests for additional Trinity water from the California Department of Fish and Game. An unpublished report by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service shows that increased Trinity River releases could have substantially decreased temperatures and increased dissolved oxygen in the Lower Klamath River. Continued litigation, interagency turf battles and the CALFED Record of Decision’s commitment to increase water deliveries to Westlands and other south of Delta CVP water contractors by 15% will continue to preclude use of Trinity River water for abatement of future fish kills in the lower Klamath River. The Trinity and Klamath rivers are, in part, a victim and redirected impact of the CALFED program.

Session: Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Grand Canyon Fishes

[1401] Adaptive Management: A collaborative tool to bridge science, policy, and competing interests in water resources and ecosystem management.

Authors: Steven P. Gloss (presenter), Grand Canyon Monitoring & Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey; 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone: 928-556-7094, FAX 928-556-7092, email: sgloss@usgs.gov.

Abstract: Adaptive management has become a part of modern resource management; however, its successful implementation in large ecosystems is still young. The key to the success of adaptive management is a clear understanding of not only the basic tenets of adaptive management, but its flexibility as well. The Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program is one example of a collaborative undertaking, involving multiple interest groups where science, management, and policy together explore the flexibility inherent in western water resources management. Grand Canyon National Park and the Colorado River Ecosystem are the heart of a large and complex water management infrastructure. Adaptive Management is used to achieve a vision and mission of stakeholders while providing opportunities to meet the some of the Nation’s strongest and challenging environmental laws. Twenty six different entities, including federal agencies, NGO’s, state governments, and Native American tribes work together in what the National Research Council called a social experiment of national and international significance. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management offers the framework for public policy, management decision making, scientific research, and public access to information and knowledge about the dynamic interplay between ecology, economics, and sustainable management of the Colorado River ecosystem in Grand Canyon.

[1402] Native fish monitoring efforts in the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Where have all the chubs gone?

Authors: Pam Sponholtz (presenter) and Randy Van Haverbeke. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, PO Box 338, 121 East Birch Avenue, Suite 312, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone: 928-556-7456, FAX: 928-556-9343; email: Pam_Sponholtz@fws.gov; email:Randy_VanHaverbeke@fws.gov.

Abstract: In cooperation with the Arizona Game and Fish Department, Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center and SWCA, Inc., populations of endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) and other native fishes are monitored in the lower 14 km of the Little Colorado River (LCR), one of the last streams in the southwest that retains a largely native fish fauna. Using baited mini-hoop nets, native fishes comprised 93% and 88% of the catch during spring and fall 2002 sampling efforts. During spring 2002 we obtained a population estimate of 2,666 (SE = 98) humpback chub = 150 mm, with an estimated 2,001 (SE = 461) of these fish = 200 mm (i.e. 4+ year old adults). During fall 2002, we obtained a population estimate of 2,774 (SE = 209) humpback chub = 150 mm, with an estimated 839 (SE = 89) of these fish = 200 mm. We estimated that there were 2,003 (SE = 284) humpback chub between 100 and 149 mm during the fall of 2002. Results of this ongoing study indicate that despite low catch rates of nonnative fishes in the LCR, humpback chub continue to decline and that aging adults are not being replaced in the spawning population.

[1403] Experimental infection of bonytail chub (Gila elegans) with the Asian Fish Tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Authors: S.P. Hansen (Presenter), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, 608-270-2481(W), 608-270-2415(F), scott_hansen@usgs.gov; A. Choudhury, St. Norbert College, DePere, WI, 920-403-3527(W), anindo.choudhury@snc.edu; R.A. Cole, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, 608-270-2468(W), 608-270-2415(F), rebecca_cole@usgs.gov.

Abstract: Since its introduction to the US, the Asian fish tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) has become established in several cyprinid fish species including the endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha). Management issues concerning Glen Canyon dam operations have prompted research on possible growth, health and lethal effects of this parasite in chub. Tapeworm eggs were collected from fish in the Little Colorado River (LCR) and incubated in the laboratory. Emergent coracidia were harvested and specimens of the copepod species Acanthocyclops robustus were infected as the intermediate host. Infected copepods were fed to hatchery reared bonytail chub (Gila elegans), a surrogate species closely related to the humpback chub. The life cycle has been established in our lab as a source of tapeworm eggs for two studies on the tapeworm’s effect on growth and health in bonytail chub. Infected laboratory reared copepods were fed to experimental chub at a rate of four to five times the level of the average worm burden found in infected humpback chub in the LCR. Exposed and control fish were measured, weighed and monitored for signs of stress. A health exam was conducted upon termination of each experiment. Infected fish from the first experiment displayed no significant reduction in growth though haematocrit values were lower in infected male fish. Fish of considerably smaller initial size were used in the second experiment. The exposed fish exhibited greater size variation than controls in this experiment. A portion of fish from the second experiment were exposed to a cold shock for 48 hours to investigate possible effects of thermal stress on infected fish moving from the LCR to the colder Colorado River. Results and complete data analysis will be discussed.

[1404] Status of fisheries monitoring in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona

Authors: Helene C. Johnstone (presenter), SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants, 114 N. San Francisco St., Ste 100, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone: 928-774-5500, FAX: 928-779-2709, email: ljohnstone@swca.com; M. Trammell, SWCA Inc., (same address, phone and FAX as above), email: mtfishon@aol.com and R. S. Rogers, Arizona Game and Fish Department, 1535 1/2 S. Milton, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone 928-226-7677, email: srogersagf@qwest.net.

Abstract: The recent years of research and monitoring in Grand Canyon (1990 to present) have produced a large but inconsistently collected body of knowledge of the fishes of the Canyon. A long-term monitoring program to track the status and trends of the fishes of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon was initiated in 2002. A stratified random sampling design was implemented. Sample sizes and distributions were allocated to achieve a target coefficient of variation of 0.1 based on historical catch of fish species by mile and sample variance. This sampling design will not provide absolute abundance estimates for most species but catch per effort indices will show population trends over 5-year periods of time. A variety of gear types was used to capture all species and age classes of non-native and native fishes. Electrofishing was used to monitor non-native salmonids and common carp. Trammel nets and hoop nets were used to monitor the native fishes and warm water non-natives. Sample sizes and sampling distribution were adequate to meet the needs of the monitoring program for salmonids and common carp. However, native fishes were not adequately monitored because of clumped distribution, low abundance, and high sample variance.

[1405] Strategies to conserve native fishes in Grand Canyon

Authors: Robert W. Clarkson, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix Area Office, PO Box 81169, Phoenix AZ 85069-81169; 602/216-3858 (W), 602/216-4006 (F), rclarkson@lc.usbr.gov, and Paul C. Marsh (Presenter), Department of Biology, PO Box 871501, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 85287-1501. 480/965-2977 (W), 480/965-2519 (F), fish.dr@asu.edu.

Abstract: Status of native fishes in Grand Canyon has deteriorated significantly since closure in 1963 of Glen Canyon Dam across the Colorado River. Four of eight species that originally inhabited the region are extirpated. Those that remain are reduced in number and distribution, and one is federally endangered. Seasonal temperature reduction caused by the dam prevents successful mainstem reproduction by most native species. Also, established recreational fisheries comprised of introduced trouts and other non-native sport species are not compatible with warm-water native fishes such as humpback chub. Innovative management strategies that allow natives and non-natives to coexist are not available, and approaches that favor one kind are detrimental to the other. Prominently promoted management tactics that include discharge manipulation and population control are not likely to achieve desired goals. Instead, we advocate control of riverine water temperature via structural and operational modifications at Glen Canyon Dam to selectively enhance native fishes and suppress trouts and other non-native species. Development of creative and dynamic seasonal, annual or longer-term thermal regimes will allow the natives to reproduce, grow and recruit while also supporting a localized trout fishery. Technology to implement such a program is available, only the will to proceed seems wanting.

[1406] Colorado River backwaters in Grand Canyon: historical distribution and ecological function

Authors: Lawrence E. Stevens (presenter), Grand Canyon Wildlands Council, P.O. Box 1315, Flagstaff, AZ 86002, phone 928-774-4923, email: farvana@aol.com and Kirsten Rowell, Geology Department, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721.

Abstract: Backwaters (warm, low velocity nursery habitats) may be essential for recruitment of native fish in the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam in Grand Canyon. Analysis of aerial photography of backwaters >100m2 from 1965 to 1997, land surveys, and in situ measurements revealed that backwater number and area were greatest in wide reaches, and that both number and area decreased sharply at flows above 283 m3/s. Backwater number increased from 71 in 1991 to 109 in pre-flood 1996, to 164 post-flood 1996, and to175 backwaters in 1997. However, backwater area decreased over the 1990’s. Although a 2.3-fold increase in total backwater area occurred after the 1996 Experimental Flood (from 6.1 to 14.0 ha), backwater area decreased to 2.4 ha within 6 months and did not recover through 1998. More backwaters than expected demonstrated a complex unimodal or bimodal pattern of change over time (X25 = 130.2, p < 0.0001). Short-term (hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal) fluctuating flow releases from Glen Canyon Dam cooled, dewatered or flushed backwaters, and longer-term (yearly and longer) impacts of ROD flows resulted in terrestrialization of backwater habitats. Further experimental research is needed to improve understanding of relationships between backwaters and native fish recruitment.

[1407] Longitudinal and near-shore warming patterns of the Colorado River under low steady discharge

Authors: William S. Vernieu (presenter), Grand Canyon Monitoring & Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone: 928-556-7051, FAX 928-556-7368, email: bvernieu@usgs.gov.

Abstract: The GCMRC thermal monitoring program measures longitudinal warming of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon and collected data during the Low Summer Steady Flows (LSSF) experiment in 2000. Water temperature of Glen Canyon Dam releases ranges from 7°C to 12°C with warmest water released in late December followed by coolest water in March. Maximum downstream warming occurs during the month of June and varies with discharge level. The Colorado River at Diamond Creek experienced 10°C warming above tailwater temperatures at discharge levels of 8000 cfs in June 2000 compared to less than 5°C warming during high steady discharge of 26,000 cfs in June 1997. Significant warming of near-shore environments occurred during the LSSF in shallow water with little or no velocity. Warming of these environments appears to be mainly a function of direct solar ensolation and the degree of isolation from the main channel. Temperatures of up to 18.5°C (7°C above river temperature) were observed in open near-shore areas. Temperatures of up to 29°C (12°C above river temperature) were observed in backwaters. Small or larval fish were observed at all study sites.

[1408] Feasibility study to determine the efficacy of using a weir in Bright Angel Creek to capture brown trout.

Authors: William Leibfried (presenter), SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants, 114 N. San Francisco St., Ste 100, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone: 928-774-5500, FAX: 928-779-2709, email: bliebfried@swca.com; H. C. Johnstone, SWCA (same address and telephone), email: ljohnstone@swca.com; M.A. Trammell, SWCA (same address and telephone), email: mtfishon@aol.com.

Abstract: In Bright Angel Creek in Grand Canyon National Park, the fish community has been altered towards non-native salmonids, to the detriment of its native fishes. The National Park Service is charged with preserving and protecting the natural resources within Grand Canyon. Hands-on management of resources is sometimes required to achieve this goal. Construction and operation of a temporary weir in Bright Angel Creek will provide the opportunity to determine if removal of brown trout (Salmo trutta) will benefit native fish survival. In the mainstem Colorado River, maximum brown trout numbers occurred near the confluence of Bright Angel Creek, a presumed primary spawning location for brown trout in the Grand Canyon, although mainstem spawning may also occur. Removal of spawning brown trout from Bright Angel Creek may reduce the numbers of brown trout in the mainstem as well, thus potentially benefiting the endangered humpback chub and other native fish in the mainstem. A temporary fish weir was installed in Bright Angel Creek and operated continuously from November 18, 2002 to January 21, 2003. Spawning brown trout were collected in the weir and removed from the creek. Stomach contents were examined for the presence of fish remains.

[1409] Truttaedacnitis truttae causes severe intestinal lesions in rainbow trout from Lee’s Ferry tailwater, Colorado River.

Authors: Rebecca A. Cole (presenter), U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, phone 608-270-2468, FAX 608-270-2415, email: Rebecca_Cole@usgs.gov.; A. Choudhury, Biology Department, St. Norbert College, DePere, WI 54115, phone: 920-403-3527, FAX: 920-403-4033, email: anindo.choudhury@snc.edu; T. McKinney, Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2221 West Greenway Road, Phoenix, AZ 85023, phone: 480-641-1629, D.Speas, Arizona Game and Fish Department, 1535 ½ S. Milton, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, phone 928-226-7677, email: dpeasagf@qwest.net; and C. Meteyer, U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, phone: 608-270-2462, FAX: 605-270-2415 email: carol_meteyer@usgs.gov.

Abstract: Truttaedacnitis truttae (Class: Nematoda) infects salmonids in the holarctic and is reported to use Brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri) as intermediate host. Various stages of T. truttae have been found in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in the Lee’s Ferry tailwater, Colorado River, below Glen Canyon Dam and the Lower Little Colorado River in Arizona. Lamprey are not found in this river system and thus the complete life cycle for T. truttae from the Colorado River is not known. This nematode has been abundant in rainbow trout from the Lees’s Ferry tailwater since at least 1991. Recently several trout were collected via electroshocking and examined histologically for pathogenic changes of the intestine due to T. truttae. All fish examined were infected and showed various degrees of tissue destruction in the duodenum. Lesions included loss of mucosal epithelium, mucosal hyperplasia and hemorrhage and fibrosis in the lamina propria and were limited to the duodenum, not the cecae as reported in the literature. None of the cecae examined from fish in the Colorado River showed extensive tissue damage. Larval stages of the worm caused pancreatitis in some fish. Pepsin digest of internal organs indicated the majority of larvae were found in the duodenum. Investigations of the health of trout at Lee’s Ferry tailwater have suggested that T. truttae negatively impact the health of the larger rainbow trout in the tailwater and may cause decreased feeding by larger fish.

Session: Ecology and Management of Salmonids

[1501] Habitat characteristics that drive anadromy or residency of rainbow trout populations

Authors: Steven P. Cramer; S.P. Cramer & Associates, Inc; 300 SE Arrow Creek Lane; Gresham, OR 97080; (503) 669-0133; spcramer@teleport.com.

Abstract: Watersheds containing distinct populations of both resident and anadromous rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were studied to determine the habitat features that favor either one or the other life history. Gene frequency data and breeding studies indicate that the tendency for either anadromy or residency is an inherited trait among rainbow. Data on watershed features and stream temperature were assembled from the Yakima, Deschutes, and Willamette river basins that each have separate distributions of resident and anadromous rainbow trout, all within the zone accessible to ocean migration. In each case, spring chinook are native to the area where rainbow are predominantly resident. In all three basins, the resident rainbow areas provide sufficient natural production to support popular sport fisheries. We consistently found that resident O. mykiss were predominant in upper areas of the basin with cool, dependable flow through the summer, while anadromous steelhead were predominant lower in the watershed, especially in streams where flow was reduced and temperatures became stressful during summer. Temperature regimes were the most consistent feature that distinguished the main production areas for anadromous or resident O. mykiss. Data indicate that streams with preferred temperatures for O. mykiss during summer, and capable of producing 12-14 inch trout at first maturity, apparently offer a selective advantage for residency, while those where growth opportunities during summer are constrained, either by temperature or space, provide a selective advantage for anadromy. These findings were used to derive a key for identifying whether a stream reach is likely to resident or anadromous O. mykiss. Evidence indicates that cool-water releases from reservoirs during summer may shift natural selection to favor resident forms of O. mykiss. Application of these findings to Central Valley Rivers will be described.

[1502] Comparison of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss outmigration characteristics in two tributaries within the San Joaquin Basin, California

Authors: Doug Demko, S.P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., 3188 Wood Creek Drive, Chico, CA 95928, 530-342-9262 (w), 530-898-9582 (f), demko@spcramer.com: Michele Simpson, Andrea Fuller, and Chrissy Sonke, S.P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., 636 Hedburg Way #22, Oakdale, California, 95361, 209-847-7786 (W), 209-847-6377(F), simpson@spcramer.com, fuller@inreach.com, spcaoak@inreach.com.

Abstract: In the San Joaquin Basin, there is little life-history information available on anadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss for use by resource managers. Typical spawning survey methods are impractical due to high flows and turbid water conditions, so escapement estimates are not generated. Although information on adult O. mykiss is lacking, data regarding juveniles in the San Joaquin basin have been incidentally collected since 1993 during juvenile chinook monitoring programs. This data serves as the best source of biological information on actively migrating O. mykiss individuals within the San Joaquin Basin and inferences regarding anadromous O. mykiss populations are often made based on this data. The Stanislaus and Calaveras Rivers are two distinctly different tributaries of the San Joaquin River, yet they share the distinction of producing the most significant evidence of anadromy in O. mykiss populations at the southern extent of the Central Valley, California. We have incidentally collected O. mykiss life-history information in the Stanislaus River since 1993 and have targeted O. mykiss collections in the Calaveras River since 2000. Although juvenile O. mykiss are captured by screw traps in both tributaries, catches are much greater and individual fish much older in the Calaveras River. We will compare the juvenile O. mykiss migration characteristics observed between these tributaries and identify potential applications of these findings for resource managers.

[1503] Genetic divergence of sympatric resident and anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Walla Walla River and Columbia River Basin

Authors: Shawn R. Narum, Presenter, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman ID 83332, 208-837-9096, nars@critfc.org; Craig Contor Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Pendleton Oregon, 541-276-4109, craigcontor@ctuir.com; Andre Talbot, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 729 NE Oregon Suite 200, Portland, OR 97232, 503-731-1250; tala@critfc.org; and Madison S. Powell, University of Idaho, Center for Salmonid Species at Risk, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Rd, Hagerman ID 83332, 208-837-9096, mpowell@uidaho.edu.

Abstract: The life history of O. mykiss is complex with the species containing both non-migrating resident and anadromous individuals existing in sympatry in numerous river systems. Sample collections of both anadromous steelhead and resident O. mykiss life forms were collected from the Walla Walla River and Columbia River basin with the intent of determining both the geographic genetic structure and the level of gene flow between the two life forms. Using six microsatellite loci, significant genetic population structure of resident rainbow trout was detected in decreasing intensity at three levels, out-of-basin stocks versus Walla Walla River stock (high divergence), Touchet River tributaries versus Walla Walla mainstem tributaries (intermediate divergence), and individual tributary pairwise tests (low divergence). However, populations of adult steelhead had overall low genetic divergence. Tests of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and FST tests reveal significant genetic divergence between reference populations of adult steelhead and resident rainbow trout, as well as divergence between steelhead reference populations and mixed populations with apparently large components of resident rainbow trout. Genetic data indicates ancestry between life forms is more recent than resident rainbow trout from different basins.

[1504] Upper Cowlitz River salmon and steelhead reintroduction program.

Authors: Michael S. Kohn – Presenter, Cowlitz Falls Project Biologist, P.O. Box A.J., Morton, WA, 98356, 360-497-5026 (w), 360-740-2449 (w), mike@lcpud.org; John Serl, WDFW, 360-497-5652; Charles Morrill, WDFW, 360-902-2747.

Abstract: The upper Cowlitz River anadromous fish reintroduction program is reestablishing spring chinook, coho and late winter steelhead runs into more than 240 river miles of habitat that had been isolated for 35 years. This unique opportunity began when designs for the new Cowlitz Falls Dam included plans to integrate a surface collection system for anadromous downstream migrants. The facilities include: flow baffles (for attraction), integrated fish flap gates and flume system, fish separator, PIT tag detection, holding tanks, raceways and facilities for biosampling and fish marking. The reintroduction program is based on a “trap and haul” trucking system around three Cowlitz River dams for both juvenile and adult fish. Interim smolt collection began in 1996 and full time operations in 1997. Smolt numbers have increased from 11,991 in 1996 to a high of 428,469 in 2001. In 2001, 90% of the late winter steelhead females transported upstream reproduced naturally and were later collected as kelts at the facility. Preliminary results are encouraging and a milestone was reached in 2001 when 100% of the coho smolts collected were naturally produced. Hopefully, future collection system improvements will allow us to reach the annual goal of one million naturally produced smolts.

[1505] Evaluation of Sr/Ca ratios in three structures as records of individual and maternal migration history in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Authors: C.J. Donohoe, Presenter, NMFS, Santa Cruz Laboratory, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, 831-420-3909(W), 831-420-3977(F), Chris.Donohoe@noaa.gov ; P.B. Adams, NMFS, Santa Cruz Laboratory, 110 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, 831-420-3923(W), 831-420-3977(F), Pete.Adams@noaa.gov.

Abstract: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exhibit both non-migratory (resident) and migratory (steelhead) life history forms. However the reproductive relationship between forms and other aspects of their biology have been difficult to study because the two forms often cannot be distinguished with certainty. Several studies have shown that life history form of an individual and its mother can be inferred from the ratio of strontium to calcium (Sr/Ca) within the otolith. The goals of the present study were to 1) confirm that otolith Sr/Ca ratios can discriminate between migratory and non-migratory O. mykiss from California rivers, and 2) evaluate the use of scales and fin rays, which can be collected non-lethally, to infer migration histories. Adult and juvenile O. mykiss were obtained from several California hatcheries. As expected, progeny of migratory O. mykiss had higher Sr/Ca ratios in otolith primordia than did progeny of non-migratory fish. Mean Sr/Ca ratios in primordia also differed among migratory progeny from different hatcheries. Most adults (broodstock) were migratory and the progeny of migratory mothers, although several from one hatchery appear to be non-migratory. Analysis of Sr/Ca ratios in scales and fin rays is ongoing and will be discussed.

[1506] Detecting survival effects of habitat management actions: power analysis applied to endangered Snake River spring/summer chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Authors: Charles M. Paulsen; Paulsen Environmental Research Ltd.;16016 SW Boones Ferry Rd Suite 4; Lake Oswego, OR 97035; cpaulsen@PaulsenEnvironmentalResearch.com; 503-699-4115; 503-699-4117 (fax); Timothy R. Fisher (presenter); 18403 S Clear Acres Drive, Oregon City, OR 97045-9281; Tim@FisherFisheries.com; (503) 631-4374; (503) 631-4375 (FAX)

Abstract: Using ten years of parr-to-smolt survival rate estimates for passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged endangered wild Snake River chinook (measured in eight spawning streams), we demonstrate that moderate increases in base case survival may be detectable quickly, as required by recent U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) regulations. The regulations require that effects of tributary habitat actions on juvenile salmonid survival rates be detectable within five to eight years. Simple weighted log-linear regression models were employed where the natural log of survival is a function of parr size, parent stock abundance, tagging location, and year. The analysis uses before-after-control-impact (BACI) statistical techniques. The results suggest that multiplicative survival rate changes of 40 to 50% should be detectable within two to three years. Models with higher information-theoretic weights were more powerful than less plausible models. Models using juvenile survival were substantially more powerful than models using spawner-recruit data for the same stocks, but the analysis is no substitute for field studies, which are still very rare.

[1507] Intraspecific competition between hatchery-reared and naturally-spawned juvenile Chinook salmon in the Upper Sacramento River, California.

Authors: E. D. Weber, Ph.D. Candidate - presenter, Colorado State University, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, 970-491-3186 (W), 970-416-9027 (H), 970-491-5091 (F), weber@cnr.colostate.edu; K. D. Fausch, Professor, Colorado State University, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Fort Collins, CO 8023-1474, 970-491-6457 (W), 970-491-5091 (F), kurtf@cnr.colostate.edu.

Abstract: Salmonids released from hatcheries potentially compete with naturally-spawned (hereafter wild) fish in streams, but relatively few tests of direct competition have been reported in the literature. We conducted experiments using in-stream enclosures to test the effects of hatchery-reared juvenile chinook salmon on growth, survival, and emigration of their wild counterparts. Emigration rates from enclosures into downstream traps were similar between control enclosures that contained only wild fish and treatment enclosures that contained hatchery fish plus wild fish, suggesting that hatchery fish did not displace wild fish. In a second experiment, fish were not allowed to emigrate. Enclosures contained wild fish at ambient density, wild fish at high density, or wild fish plus hatchery fish. Survival of wild fish did not differ significantly among treatments. Specific growth rates were higher in the ambient-density treatment than in the treatment with wild plus hatchery fish, indicating a negative effect of adding hatchery fish on wild fish growth. Growth rates in the high-density wild fish treatment were intermediate but close to those in the treatment with wild plus hatchery fish. These data suggest that competitive differences between hatchery and wild fish may have existed but were small relative to the effect of increasing density.

[1508] Ecological risk of IHN Virus transmission from hatchery to wild salmon in the Sacramento River.

Authors: J.S. Foott*, J.D. Williamson, R. Harmon, K. Nichols, D. Free **, and K. True; USFWS, CA-NV Fish Health Center, 24411 Coleman Hatchery Rd, Anderson CA 96007, ph. 530 –365 – 4271, fax 530 – 365 –7150, Scott_Foott@fws.gov.

Abstract: Epidemiological studies on the temporal and spatial distribution, virulence, and transmission characteristics of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) in the upper Sacramento River have altered preconceptions on its disease risk to wild juvenile salmon. These views were based on epizootics that occurred in hatcheries and did not take into account factors unique to cultured populations that influence infection and disease. The data now indicates a low ecological risk to wild salmon from the release of IHNV infected hatchery smolts. Best management practices will always dictate that cultured fish are in good health prior to harvest or stocking. Generalizations on the risk of hatchery to wild fish disease transmission should be avoided as each situation has unique characteristics in the relationship between host(s), pathogen, and the environment.

[1509] Using Molecular Genetic Techniques to Identify and Conserve an Endangered Population of Chinook Salmon.

Authors: Vanessa Rashbrook (presenter), Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 2099 Westside Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, 707-875-2074 (W), 707-875-2089 (Fax), vkrashbrook@ucdavis.edu; Dennis Hedgecock, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 2099 Westside Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, 707-875-2074 (W), 707-875-2089 (Fax), dehedgecock@ucdavis.edu.

Abstract: We have used molecular markers to study endangered winter-run Chinook salmon since its federal listing in 1994. Using collections made by USFWS we have analyzed outmigrating juveniles, returning adults and spawned carcasses. Seven polymorphic microsatellites were developed to distinguish among the four morphologically similar Chinook populations present in the upper Sacramento River. Since the DNA was often degraded, especially in carcass samples, amplification at fewer than seven loci was common. We therefore used simulations to determine the critical combination of loci needed for >95% correct assignment to winter run, coupled with an acceptable error of <5% misassignment to other runs. An individual assignment test then determined run identity. Data from these analyses were used to identify winter-run 1) juveniles trapped at the Red Bluff Diversion Dam (1995-2000; n=1868), 2) returning spawners trapped at Keswick dam (1998-2002; n=849), and 3) spawned carcasses collected in the Sacramento River (1995-2001: n=2664). We provide examples of how molecular genetic tools can document temporal differences in run timing, improve estimates of winter-run escapement, be used in estimates of effective population size, and refine selection of broodstock for a hatchery supplementation program.

[1510] Monitoring and Evaluation of a Production Chinook Supplementation Facility

Authors: David Fast, Yakama Nation, YKFP Nelson Springs Research Office, 771 Pence Road, Yakima, WA, 98902, 509-945-1206 (W), 509-966-7406 (F), Fast@Yakama.com.

Abstract: The Yakima/Klickitat Fisheries Program (YKFP) has designed a supplementation program to enhance the spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Yakima Basin. The purpose of the YKFP is to test the assumption that new artificial production can be used to increase harvest and natural production while maintaining the long-term genetic fitness of the fish population being supplemented and keeping adverse genetic and ecological interactions with non-target species or stocks within acceptable limits. This paper describes the design and operation of a production scale supplementation facility from broodstock collection protocols, through the factorial mating schemes, incubation, rearing experiments, and volitional release of 810,000 smolts from three acclimation sites. The experimental design includes testing new semi-natural rearing techniques (SNT) against the Optimum Conventional Treatments (OCT) of existing successful hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest. Monitoring efforts are directed at evaluation of the performance of supplementation fish in each of the following categories, and comparison with the performance of naturally reared fish. 1) The post-release survival of supplementation fish (both outmigrating smolts and returning adults), 2)The homing and reproductive success of supplemented populations, 3)The long-term fitness of supplemented populations, and 4)The inter-and intra-specific interactions (including competition, predation and genetic effects) between supplemented and unsupplemented populations. Information resulting from this research can be used by resource managers to improve the survival and performance of hatchery reared salmonids.

[1511] Using hydroacoustics to quantify the escapement of adult salmonids (Oncorhynchus and Salmo spp.) in rivers

Authors: Bruce H. Ransom-presenter, Samuel V. Johnston and Tracey W. Steig; Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc., 715 NE Northlake Way, Seattle, WA 98105 USA; (206) 633-3383, fax (206) 633-5912, consulting@htisonar.com.

Abstract: Many anadromous salmonid populations have declined as pressure from over harvesting, habitat degradation, and other sources increases. To aid the management of these stocks, hydroacoustic techniques have been used to estimate adult salmonid escapement in North America and Europe. Since 1992, digital split-beam hydroacoustic techniques have been used in over 100 evaluations in over 50 rivers. Due in large part to its improved spatial resolution and three-dimensional tracking capabilities, the split-beam technique has proven more reliable than single-beam or dual-beam techniques. Uneven bottom bathymetry and nonlaminar hydraulics are typical. Reliable applications require proper hydroacoustic equipment and techniques, site selection, transducer deployment, and fish behavior. Typically, narrow-beam transducers are mounted near shore and aimed horizontally into the river, perpendicular to flow, monitoring migrating fish in side-aspect. A bottom substrate of low acoustic reflectivity (e.g., sand, small rocks) enables the acoustic beam to be aimed close to the bottom. Sample sites are sought where fish are actively migrating, not holding or milling. Frequently, adult salmonids migrate upstream near the bottom and near shore, presumably in an effort to conserve energy. In addition to escapement counts, results include estimated fish sizes, spatial distributions, diel distributions, and velocities.

Session: Large-scale Watershed Health Monitoring

[1601] Putting Monitoring First: Designing Accountable Ecosystem Restoration and Management Plans

Authors: Stephen C. Ralph* and Geoffrey C. Poole; Regional Salmon Ecologist; EPA Region 10; Office of Ecosystems and Communities, ECO-086; 1200 Sixth Ave., Seattle, WA 98104; 206/553-6364; fax # 206/553-6984; e-mail: Ralph.Stephen@epa.gov.

Abstract: Recovery of Puget Sound rivers and their native fish fauna will depend upon carefully documenting the ultimate effectiveness of restoration actions. Yet, as currently designed and implemented, monitoring programs are predestined to fail in this task. Consequently, our attempts to implement iterative, adaptive restoration or management actions will also fail unless managers and researchers: (1) alter their current conceptual models about the relationship between monitoring and management/restoration; (2) design and implement monitoring programs before planning restoration/management actions; (3) recognize the need for hierarchical monitoring programs and learn how to implement them; and (4) eliminate myths about monitoring, including the assumption that we can generate reliable new information about management and restoration actions simply by observing their outcomes. In order for monitoring programs to provide reliable and timely information required by iterative and adaptive approaches to ecosystem restoration and management, monitoring programs must serve as a scientifically rigorous framework for "Empirical Management" of natural resources. To accomplish this, managers and researchers must work together first to design hierarchically-structured monitoring experiments and then to plan on-the-ground management and restoration actions that serve as experimental manipulations within the context of the monitoring experiment. Unlike current approaches, this empirical approach has the potential to generate rigorous new scientific information about the efficacy of implemented actions and therefore could support adaptive, iterative improvement in management and restoration plans.

[1602] Driving and response variables for monitoring land-use-induced sediment effects: inherent limitations and advantages of each.

Authors: Michael J. Furniss, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Aquatic and Land Interactions, Forestry Sciences Lab, Corvallis, OR, mfurniss@fs.fed.us, 541.758 .7789.

Abstract: Sediment dynamics in streams may be separated into three components: input, storage, and output. Large-scale monitoring of the effectiveness of land-use strategies and practices on sediment in aquatic systems often emphasizes the monitoring of inchannel “response variables”, including channel morphology and substrate composition, which are focused on the storage component, or sediment flux monitoring to define the output component. Alternative or complementary approaches employ “driving variables,” focusing on the input component. Each class of variable carries a series of limitations, advantages, and challenges, both in operations and the effective interpretation of results. Achieving a reasonable prospect for success in any sediment monitoring program requires that the limitations of each be understood and factored into monitoring design, conduct, and interpretation. A summary of the limitations, advantages, and challenges of driving and response variables will be given.

[1603] Allocation of monitoring sites for regional surveys of hydrologic units

Authors: R. E. Gresswell (Presenter), USGS-FRESC, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, 541- 750-7410 (W), 541-758-8806 (F), robert_gresswell@usgs.gov, A. R. Olsen, USEPA NHEERL, Western Ecology Division, 200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, D. P. Larsen, USEPA NHEERL, Western Ecology Division, 200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, M. Cavitt, USGS- FRESC, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, D. S. Bateman, Department of Forest Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, doug_bateman@usgs.gov.

Abstract: In order to characterize the ecological condition of Pacific Northwest watersheds and their aquatic ecosystems, interagency teams have developed the Aquatic and Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Plan. Monitoring is targeted at the subwatershed scale (6th-field Hydrologic Unit Code), and a methodology for selecting a statistical sample of subwatersheds has been implemented. In addition, this monitoring effort requires a rigorous sampling protocol that can be used for variables that will be measured at a subset of sites within each watershed. In order to evaluate a site-selection procedure based on a probability sampling, we used Monte Carlo simulations of random samples of stream sections that were approximately 40 channel-widths in length. Physical and biological data collected from continuous censuses in 22 third-order watersheds provided a known population from which samples were drawn. Estimates from 5, 10, 20 and 40 sample sections per watershed were compared to census information. This simulation procedure provided measures of uncertainty associated with estimates at site, watershed, and population scales, and results suggest that a probability-based sampling protocol provides precise estimates that can be used to characterize watersheds for monitoring at the regional scale.

[1604] A comparison of stream habitat characteristics in managed and reference watersheds on federal lands affected by Biological Opinions for steelhead and bull trout within the Columbia basin.

Authors: J.L. Kershner (presenter), USFS, Fish and Aquatic Ecology Unit, Aquatic, Watershed, and Earth Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT.84322-5210, 435-797-2500(W), 435-797-1871(F), kershner@cc.usu.edu; B. Roper, USFS, Fish and Aquatic Ecology Unit, Aquatic, Watershed, and Earth Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT.84322-5210, 435-755-3566(W), 435-797-1871(F), broper@fs.fed.us; N. Bouwes, Eco Logical Research, 456 South 100 West, Providence, Utah 84332, fax/phone (435) 753-8472, nbouwes@attbi.com; R.C. Henderson, USFS-Effectiveness Monitoring Team, Logan Forestry Sciences Lab, 860N 1200E., Logan, UT. 84321 (W) 435-755-3578, rhenderson01@fs.fed.us; and E. Archer, USFS-Effectiveness Monitoring Team, Logan Forestry Sciences Lab, 860N 1200E., Logan, UT. 84321 (W) 435-755-3565, earcher@fs.fed.us.

Abstract: We evaluated stream habitat characteristics in managed and reference watersheds on federal lands within the area of the Columbia basin affected by Steelhead and Bull trout biological opinions. Stream habitat was sampled in the lower-most, non-constrained reach in 269 HUC-6 watersheds during 1999-2001. A suite of common stream attributes was evaluated in the surveys. We used step-wise regression to identify potential important grouping variables that could be used in an analysis of covariance and then used ANCOVA to help us detect differences in managed and reference watersheds. Managed watersheds made up the majority of samples and were well distributed throughout the sampling area. Reference watersheds tended to be found at higher elevations and had more precipitation. In general, physical habitats in reference watersheds exhibited higher bank stability, had a higher percentage of undercut banks, had deeper pools, and fewer percent fines. We developed criteria from published literature to evaluate biological significance from our results. These results will be used to evaluate the long-term success of improved management within the areas affected by the biological opinions.

[1605] Evaluating the condition of riverine-riparian resources in the Pacific Northwest.

Authors: D.P.Larsen, USEPA, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, 541-754-4362(W), 541-754-4716(F), larsen.phil@epa.gov; Steve Lanigan-Presenter, USDA Forest Service, 333 SW First Ave., Portland, OR 97204, 503-808-2261(W), 503-808-2255(F), slanigan@fs.fed.us; K.Jones, Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, 28655 Hwy. 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, 541-757-4263(W), 541-757-4102(F), jonesk@fsl.orst.edu. T.M. Kincaid, Dynamac Corp., 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, 541-754-4479 (W), 541-754-4716(F), Kincaid.tom@epa.gov; A.R. Olsen, USEPA, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, 541-754-4790(W), 541-754-4716(F), olsen.tony@epa.gov.

Abstract. The evaluation of the condition of riverine-riparian resources at regional scales relies on the interpretation of measurements taken on a variety of attributes reflecting both status and processes governing status of these resources. Typical attributes include indicators of upslope, riparian network, and channel physical, chemical, and biological condition. Although there is general agreement on the types of indicators to measure there are two different frameworks being used in the Pacific Northwest to interpret the indicators: the stream network and a set of watersheds. For example, results might be summarized as the proportion or length of the stream network in the region that is in good or poor ecological condition, or, alternatively as the proportion or number of watersheds in the region that are in good or poor condition. Depending on the framework adopted, sampling is spatially distributed across the entire riverine-riparian network to characterize the network or clustered within a sample of watersheds selected to represent the condition of watersheds at a regional scale. Accepting the fact that both frameworks are valid, it would be useful that data collected under one framework be validly interpreted under the other. We illustrate how to make the linkages between these two frameworks by evaluating results obtained by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), using the stream network as its framework, and results obtained by the US Forest Service’s Aquatic Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program (AREMP), using 6th field hydrologic units as its framework.

[1606] Fire disturbance and the ability of a large-scale watershed monitoring program to detect change: a perspective from Glade Creek, OR.

Authors: Kirsten Gallo -Presenter, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, PO Box 1148, Corvallis, OR, 97333, 541.750.7021 (W), 541.750.7142(F), kgallo@fs.fed.us; and Chris Moyer, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, PO Box 1148, Corvallis, OR, 97333, 541.750.7017 (W), 541.750.7142(F), cmoyer@fs.fed.us.

Abstract: The Aquatic and Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program (AREMP) was designed to monitor status and trend in watershed condition in the Pacific Northwest. To meet this objective, AREMP surveys physical, biological, and chemical attributes in in-channel, riparian, and upslope areas within 6th field watersheds. Intensive and extensive surveys were conducted in Glade Creek, a tributary of the Little Applegate River located in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, OR, in October 2000. Approximately 43 % of the Glade Creek watershed was burned following a lightning strike in August 2001. The basin was resurveyed in October 2002 to determine whether the field methods employed by AREMP were adequate to detect change in the watershed. Changes detected between the two survey years include reduced pool frequency and increased fine sediment in the stream channel following the fire. Other findings include increased frequency of landslides after the fire and changes in the distribution of fish and amphibians in the watershed. Spatial analysis suggests that most of the changes occurred in mid- to high-intensity burn areas.

[1607] Regional Monitoring Programs – Can we answer questions at smaller spatial scales?

Authors: Richard Henderson, Forestry Sciences Lab, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT, 435-755-3578(W), 435-755-3563(F), rhenderson01@fs.fed.us, Jeff Kershner (presenter), USFS, Fish and Aquatic Ecology Unit, Aquatic, Watershed, and Earth Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT.84322-5210, 435-797-2500(W), 435-797-1871(F), kershner@cc.usu.edu;

Abstract: Large scale monitoring efforts are designed to answer questions at the scale of States, Regions, or in our case FS and BLM lands within the interior Columbia River basin. While land managers understand the need to address issues of status and trend at large scales, they are increasingly interested in whether we can answer questions related to local management issues and activities. Our objective was to determine if a change in resource condition of 10% and 20% can be detected, both for status (5 year interval) and trend (over 10 years), at different spatial scales. To address this, we first used a data set of ~700 sites over 4 years to define the site, year, site*year, observer, and residual variance estimates. Power curves were then developed for 10 physical habitat and riparian vegetation parameters. Finally we determined whether changes in status and trend could be detected for each parameter at the scale of three National Forests n=240, National Forest n=80, Ranger District n=20, and project n=1.

[1609] A Quality Assessment Program: Structure and lessons learned from a large scale monitoring program

Authors: Chris Moyer, Aquatic and Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, Siuslaw National Forest, 4077 Research Way; Corvallis, OR 97333, (541) 750-7017, cmoyer@fs.fed.us.

Abstract: The quality of environmental monitoring data collected by natural resource agencies at various spatial and temporal scales is frequently called into question. A Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is essential to ensure the validity of the data, i.e., the data retain utility through time, withstand the scrutiny of the judicial system, and the rigor of peer review. A QAP should support the monitoring program’s objectives and data collection efforts. All aspects of the monitoring program need consideration in a QAP including: data collection procedures, both field and otherwise; remeasurement procedures; data processing; and finally, reporting results with respect to the original monitoring objectives. I present the overall QAP structure for a large scale-monitoring program – the Aquatic and Riparian Effectiveness Monitoring Program – with an emphasis on the remeasurement aspects of field data. I examine data from the 2001 & 2002 field seasons and present the lessons learned to date.

Session: Biology and Management of Native and Exotic Freshwater Fish, Amphibians, Aquatic Reptiles in Coastal Southern California and northern western Mexico (Part I)

[1701] Late Cenozoic Geographic and Climatic Influences on the Phylogeography and Regional Diversity of Aquatic Systems in Southern California.

Authors: David K. Jacobs, (OBEE) Biology, UCLA, 621 Young Dr, South., Los Angeles CA 90095-16906. djacobs@ucla.edu.

Abstract: West coast littoral marine taxa are more speciose than east coast marine taxa. On the other hand eastern freshwater fish are more diverse than the western largely marine derived fish fauna. Such broad patterns require large-scale historical explanations. Here, I devise predictions from the history of tectonic, and climate, change and then attempt to assess the consistency of the biological patterns with those predications. The following transitions appear important for western aquatic diversity: 1) The mid-Miocene transition to upwelling in the sea and loss of summertime precipitation on land. 2) Plio-Pleistocene tectonics and uplift eliminated estuaries, produced novel structures in the bight and gulf of California, and generated snow melt and river flow. 3) Pleistocene climate cycles expanded the rocky shore habitat and led to fluctuations in the terrestrial hydrologic cycle. These factors predict: a Miocene marine diversification and terrestrial bottleneck. Plio-Pleistocene isolation of estuarine taxa, diversification of rocky shore marine taxa, and reinvasion of fresh water habitats. Finally, patterns of differentiation within species will often reflect the most recent substantial cyclic transition from the Pleistocene to Holocene with associated rise in sea level and reduction in precipitation. These predications are assessed using the available data from the literature.

[1702] The influence of human land use modifications on Southern California stream hydrology.

Authors: Michael D. White, Conservation Biology Institute, 651 Cornish Drive, Encinitas, CA, 92024, 760-634-1590, mdwhite@consbio.org.

Abstract: I investigated the effects of human development on hydrologic patterns of selected coastal Southern California stream systems, by reviewing information on weather patterns, historic aerial photographs, and stream gage records. The natural hydrology of these streams included perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral flow patterns. Stream hydrology responded to changes in land uses within these watersheds, which included reservoirs and water supply projects, agricultural development, and urban development. Hydrologic changes included alterations of annual discharge patterns in perennial streams caused by upstream impoundments, and increases in base flows and flood magnitudes in intermittent and ephemeral streams as a result of agriculture and urbanization. Altered channel geomorphology and changes in riparian vegetation distribution and composition accompanied the changes in stream flow characteristics. Thus, in many stream reaches in Southern California existing hydrologic patterns may not be representative of pre-historic patterns. This emphasizes the need to protect watershed integrity to effectively conserve and restore aquatic resources in the South Coast Ecoregion.

[1703] Status of and prognosis for the freshwater fishes of coastal southern California

Authors: Camm C. Swift, Presenter, Emeritus, Section of Fishes, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Mailing address: 346 West Leroy Avenue, Arcadia, CA 91007-6909, 626 447-5846, camswift@pacbell.net; Jonathan N. Baskin, Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, 909 869-4045, jnbaskin@csupomona.edu; Robert Fisher, USGS, Western Ecological Research Center-BRD, 5745 Kearny Villa Drive, Suite M, San Diego, CA 92123, 858-637-6882, rfisher@usgs.gov; Thomas Haglund, Independent Consultant, 3627 Valley Meadow Road, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403-4842, 818-906-3440, trhaglund@sbcglobal.net.

Abstract: The freshwater fishes of coastal southern California includes two elements: (1) the southern extreme of a temperate fauna (steelhead, lamprey, sticklebacks, sculpins) and, (2) cool water species (Santa Ana sucker, arroyo chub, Santa Ana speckled dace) with relatives to the east (Colorado River) and south (western tributaries in northwestern Mexico). These Colorado-Mexican derivatives are endemic to the Los Angeles Basin and nearby areas, the south coast minnow/sucker community (SCMSC). The coastal forms range widely, often as far south as northern Baja California. Today the majority of the unique southern California coastal fauna is federally and/or state listed or extirpated (Pacific brook lamprey), and even more impacted than during the last major review ten years ago. The complete suite of SCMSC species occurs only in two places, lower Tujunga Wash (Haines Creek, Los Angeles River drainage) and the upper San Gabriel system. Elsewhere only one or two of these three species occurs in widely scattered localities. Surrounded by roughly 20 million people and impacted by a variety of natural and artificial effects, the prognosis for these species is equivocal. Natural impacts include extreme ENSO fluctuations, which the species evolved with, but the human changes, including fragmentation, exotic invasions, and disease, magnify the response of these fishes.

[1704] Contributions from the archaeological record to understanding the distribution of freshwater fishes in coastal streams from San Francisco Bay southward.

Authors: Kenneth W. Gobalet, Department of Biology, California State; University, Bakersfield, CA 93311

Abstract: The archaeological record of costal California was surveyed to gain an understanding of the Native American fishery and to determine the range of salmonids in coastal drainages before the environmental degradation following European contact. Comparison of the coastal sites within land locations was undertaken to gain perspectives on the frequency of recovery of key species, especially the salmonids. Oncorhynchus spp. constituted 0.2% of the remains from coastal archaeological sites south of San Francisco and 4.4 % of the remains from Central Valley. Considering the importance of salmonids in the ethnographic record, these numbers are quite low. Steelhead have been found among archaeological materials of coastal California as far south as the Santa Margarita River in San Diego County but no definitive salmon remains of any kind have been found south of San Francisco. Chinook salmon were the most abundant salmonid in the Sacramento River drainage and constituted 16% of the remains in the Emeryville Shellmound on the east shores of San Francisco Bay. There were no salmonids at all in the archaeological record in the San Joaquin River drainage south of San Joaquin County. The rarity of salmonids in archaeological materials suggests that ethnographic record overstated the importance of salmon to Native Americans of California.

[1705] Late Pleistocene freshwater fish records from southern California and their implication on fossil and current distribution.

Authors: M. A. Roeder, Presenter, Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 121390, San Diego, CA 92112, 619-232-3821 X 231, mroeder1@earthlink.net.

Abstract: Recent paleontological mitigation projects in southern California and museum collection searches have added records of Pleistocene freshwater fishes. Remains of Oncoryhnchus mykiss (rainbow trout), Gila bicolor (Tui chub), Gila orcutti (arroyo chub), Gila elegans (bonytail chub), Ptychocheilus lucius? (pike minnow), Xyrauchen texanus (razorback sucker), (Mugil cephalus), Gasterosteus aculeatus (threespine stickleback), Cottus cf. C. asper (prickly sculpin) and Eucyclogobius newberryi (tidewater goby) have been recovered in many Pleistocene fluvial and lacustrine sites in southern California. The age, species composition, and geographic distribution of these sites will be discussed. Of particular interest is the Late Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Wanis View Estates project located adjacent to the San Luis Rey River drainage in Oceanside, San Diego County. These deposits have produced the most diverse freshwater fish fauna (5 to 6 species) in southern California. Also, this fauna includes large extinct late Pleistocene land mammals such as mammoth (Mammuthus sp.), mastodon (Mammut sp.) and horse (Equus sp.). Early age estimates place these deposits in the 200,000 year range. Within the Wanis View Estates fauna are the first fossil records of the Eucyclogobius newberryi, Mugil cephalus and Cottus cf. C. asper. Normally abundant north of Point Conception, the presence of Cottus asper in this fauna may indicate that conditions in southern California were cooler and wetter during this period.

[1706] Genetics and Conservation of the Shay Creek Stickleback.

Authors: A.E Metcalf, Co-presenter, Department of Biology, California Statue University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407 ametcalf@csusb.edu. J.R Malcolm, Co-presenter, Department of Biology, University of Redlands P.O. Box 3080, Redlands, CA 92373. james_malcolm@redlands.edu.

Abstract: The Shay Creek Stickleback (SCS) was described from a single stream at 6700ft in the San Bernardino Mountains. Since 1985 it has been restricted to a single pond in the streambed. It shares with the Unarmored Threespine Stickleback Gaterosteus aculeatus williamsoni a greatly reduced body armature. However, previous allozyme work showed SCS to be genetically divergent form other Southern California sticklebacks. We sequenced a 747 base pair region of mitochondrial CytochromeB from 14 sticklebacks including SCS, williamsoni, and two other populations from Southern California. We incorporated our data into a worldwide analysis of Gasterosteus aculeatus. SCS and williamsoni are revealed as distinct sister taxa, but neither have close affiliations with other sticklebacks from Southern California. Instead they cluster with populations found in British Columbia and Alaska. Both SCS and williamsoni are found well inland from the coastal microcephalus form and we suggest that they may represent remnants from an earlier invasion of the species from the Pacific. Efforts to conserve this genetically distinctive form to have included captive breeding, habitat enhancement by clearing weeds and adding water and transplanting fish to another pond (successfully). There are plans to use tertiary treated water to create more habitat.

[1707] Genetic Diversity in Native and Introduced Mexican Trout Species

Authors: Anna George, Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Ave. St. Louis, MO 63103, U.S.A., 314-977-3935, georgeal@slu.edu; Kevin Sage, USGS-BRD, Alaska Biological Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., kevin_sage@usgs.gov; Rick Mayden, Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.; Bernard Kuhajda, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.A.; Dean Hendrickson - Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A.; Héctor Espinosa - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F., México; Lloyd Findley - Unidad Guaymas, Sonora, México ; Joe Tomelleri, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A., joe@americanfishes.com; Jennifer Nielsen, USGS-BRD, Alaska Biological Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., Francisco García de León - Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México; Gorgonio Ruiz Campos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California Norte, México, Faustino Camarena, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California Norte, México

Abstract: Though biologists have been aware of the existence of Mexican trout for over a century, little devoted taxonomic attention has been given to these native Onchorhynchus. Recent concerted collecting efforts by Mexican and US ichthyologists have revealed significant morphological diversity, in addition to the well-known Mexican golden trout (Onchorhynchus chrysogaster), of other native trout populations from the Rios Yaqui and Casas Grandes in the north to the Rios Presidio and San Lorenzo in the south. These populations are now threatened due to water shortages, habitat destruction, and competition from or hybridization with escaped hatchery fish. The current study is an initial effort to assess the genetic diversity of these native trout populations and species, as well as examining potential genetic interactions between the native and hatchery fish. We analyzed data from 11 microsatellite loci to examine genetic structure and diversity within these populations. All populations of Mexican trout analyzed show very high allelic diversity. Allelic differences between native Onchorhynchus ‘mykiss” populations and O. chrysogaster is indicative of separate evolutionary status. Further study of these populations holds strong potential for resolving many questions about the zoogeographic history of the region, as well as for identifying undescribed diversity in these enigmatic salmonids.

[1708] Multiple Scales of Population Differentiation and Metapopulation Process in Tidewater Gobies: Implications for Dispersal Process and Conservation Biology.

Authors: David K. Jacobs (presenter) Michael N Dawson & Michelle Barlow (OBEE) Biology, UCLA, 621 Young Dr, South, Los Angeles CA 90095-1606. djacobs@ucla.edu.

Abstract: Phylogeographic and population genetic studies of tidewater goby, a federally listed taxon that primarily lives in seasonally isolated estuaries along the California Coast, suggest a temporal and spatial hierarchy of process controlling within species divergence. Rocky coast separate several regional clades, and dispersal along sandy shores appears much more effective than dispersal across rocky substrates. Different processes appear to operate in different regions. Between Salmon Creek and the Salinas River rocky promontories subdivide tidewater goby populations into local entities isolated for much, or all, of the Holocene. Further south regional sets of populations sustain variable amounts of gene flow and levels of genetic variation, consistent with region specific metapopulation processes. This body of information documents that the tidewater goby is the most genetically subdivided West Coast vertebrate with nominal marine dispersal, and that the regional differences in process preclude a single range-wide approach for the tidewater goby management. This complex genetic structure also raises issues regarding the subunits appropriate for management purposes. One possibility is to use the transition in climate and physical process at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary as a benchmark. Entities isolated by these or earlier processes would receive consideration at higher level than entities isolated recently.

[1709] The Upper San Gabriel River: A Mountain Refuge for Native Fishes.

Authors: Thomas R. Haglund, Presenter, Independent Consultant, 3627 Valley Meadow Road, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403-4842, 818-906-3440, trhaglund@sbcglobal.net; Jonathan N. Baskin, Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, 909-869-4045, jnbaskin@pacbell.net.

Abstract: The Los Angeles basin, primarily watersheds of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel and Santa Ana rivers, has a depauperate freshwater fish fauna that has suffered from anthropogenic modifications of the coastal plain. The San Gabriel River upstream of San Gabriel Dam reservoir is a natural refugium for three Southern California native fishes: Santa Ana sucker, Santa Ana speckled dace, and arroyo chub. It is one of only two areas in the Los Angeles basin with this intact multispecies fauna. Comparable upland refugia are not present in the other two Los Angeles basin drainages. Therefore, this upland refuge is a unique area. The native fish populations in the upper San Gabriel River drainage have been studied for about 25 years. We describe and contrast habitat conditions, population structure, and condition indices for lowland and upland populations of these three native fishes, and discuss the implications for our understanding of their life histories and conservation.

[1710] Control of exotic aquatic vertebrates and crayfish and the south coast minnow/sucker community in Haines Creek, lower Tujunga Wash, Los Angeles River drainage.

Authors: Dan C. Holland, Box 5168, Oceanside, CA 92052-5168, dchcpars@aol.com; Camm C. Swift, Presenter, Emeritus, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Mailing address: 346 West Leroy Avenue, Arcadia, CA 91007-6909, 626 447-5846, camswift@pacbell.net.

Abstract: About 3 km of Haines Creek, lower Big Tujunga Wash is the only remaining intact south coast minnow/sucker community in the Los Angeles River drainage. For three years efforts to benefit native fishes, amphibians, and aquatic reptiles have included removal and control of exotic fishes, amphibians, turtles, and crayfish. Deployment of a variety of strategies has resulted in strong reductions in largemouth bass, green sunfish, and turtles, and moderate reductions in bullfrogs and crayfishes. It can be projected that bass, sunfishes, and turtles probably can be eliminated. Bullfrogs and crayfish will be further reduced but more difficult to eliminate since they can re-invade more easily from adjacent populations. Two large burrow pits (2-3 acres each) are the source for the stream and serve as reservoirs for the exotics. However, upwelling water in these ponds remains about 20 degrees C. or less even in summer and inhibits growth and reproduction of exotics. When exotics are removed arroyo chub, but not Santa Ana sucker or Santa Ana speckled dace, would utilize the pond environment. However, redlegged frogs, southwestern pond turtles, and perhaps garter snakes, historically known from the area, would benefit from the pond habitat and could be re-introduced.

[1711] The Santa Clara River: Blurring the line between native and exotic species

Authors: Jonathan N. Baskin, Presenter, Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, 909-869-4045, jnbaskin@csupomona.edu; Thomas R. Haglund, Biological Consultant, 3627 Valley Meadow Road, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403-4842, 818-906-3440, trhaglund@sbcglobal.net.

Abstract: The Santa Clara River, a coastal drainage, has its headwaters in northern Los Angeles County and drains westward to the ocean in Ventura county. Several species of native southern California freshwater fishes (arroyo chub, Pacific lamprey, Santa Ana sucker, prickly sculpin, southern steelhead, threespine stickleback) are found in the drainage. Although native to southern California, the arroyo chub and Santa Ana sucker are commonly believed to have been introduced into the Santa Clara River drainage. We review the evidence for this position, which is based largely upon their absence in early collections; the geological relationship of the Santa Clara River to the “native” streams; and suggest methods to resolve the issue of whether or not these species are native to the Santa Clara River drainage. In this context we will review the definition of native species. Lastly, we will discuss the native/non-native status of these two species as it impacts their protection status and prognosis for survival.